• Proceedings of the Petrological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.101-103
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• 2009

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-179
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• 2011

This study was to identify the material characteristics and provenance of the crucibles, potteries and roof tiles from the Wonsinheungdong site in Daejeon, Korea. Similar mineral composition of each samples showed by microscopic observation and X-ray diffraction analysis. However, wall thickness and mineral characterization of each ceramic artifacts are quite different. The pottery is characterized by thin wall with 0.5 to 0.7 cm and fine grained clay matrix. While the crucible and roof tile has thick wall with 1.3 to 2.5 cm, poorly sorted texture of many quarz, orthoclase and plagioclase whithin ceramic fabric. And large elonagated voids formed by hydrocarbone of straw during the firing and loose matrix obseved in crucible. All ceramic samples and ground soil of the site show similar mineralogical characteristics geochemical behavior and clay-mineralization degree. This indicates making that the soil is probable to be a raw material of all ceramic from the Wonsinheungdong site. Also, firing temperature of most ceramic artifacts are estimated as 850 of all ceramic from the Wonsinheungdong site. Also, firing temperature of most ceramic artifacts are estimated as 850 to $950^{\circ}C$ but hardest pottery fired high temperature between 1,050 to $1,150^{\circ}C$. The vitreous molten materials interpreted in slag included segregation of copper and tin. But it can not exclude the possibility that the glass molten material because observed reddish and greenish vitreous fine structure under microscopic.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2016

In this study, 5 mural paintings in the Buddhist temples of Joseon era were researched for component analysis on the soil contained in the walls. The results of particle size analysis showed that the ratio of particle contents were different in each layer. In the finishing layer, the distribution of the middle sand fraction is higher than that of the middle layer. The results of XRD analysis showed that quartz, feldspar, and clay mineral are the main components of sand, suggesting similar mineral composition to that of ordinary soil component. It seems weathered rocks were used for construction of the walls. The main chemical components detected from EDX analysis were Si, Al, Fe, and K. Also the SEM images showed sand or clay sized minerals. In conclusion, the walls of the buddhist mural paintings in Joseon Dynasty had been constructed by using the loess, and had been produced by using mixture of clay and sand particles of different sizes for each layer. This study identified the characteristics of the materials and the manufacturing technologies used on the walls of mural paintings of Buddhist temples in Joseon era.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.114-125
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analysis chromaticity, granulometry, main chemical composition and mineral crystal structure of wall soils excavated from Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle using color reader, XRD, particla size analyzer. The analysed soils of Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle were yellowish brown and isabella. All samples were sands or sands including silty soil(SW~SC) and showed similar granulometry, chemical composition and mineral crystal structure, which were characteristics of construction materials suitable for modern road or airstrip. As resulting in comparison with 4 factors from chromaticity, granulometry, main chemical composition and mineral crystal structure, we decided that the control soils(PNS) near by Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle were not to be used for the castle wall construction We presumed that there was a huge soil distribution area for the wall construction around Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle. For further study, we will make a comparison analysis all kinds of soil characteristics. And then we can understand correctly about wall soils producing area, construction method, repair method and time of Poongnatoseong Earthen Castle.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-30
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• 2006

In terms of world system theory, the historical period of Yanbian area was divided into 3 parts: Japan colonial period which was assigned to the periphery of world system, socialist period which escaped from the world system, and the reform-open period that was reincorporated to world system. The cultural character of each period was studied. The conclusions are as follow. During the period of periphery of world system, Yanbian area as an area where the massed Korean people lived, was dominated by Korean peninsular culture. However, Yanbian area was also affected by the Japanese and Chinese cultural assimilation policy. During the period that Yanbian area aparted from the world system, it was affected by the requirement of unique socialist culture assimilation, and traditional cultures were hard to keep. During the period of reincorporation to the world system with lighten of minority policy by Chinese government, traditional national culture begin revived, but due to extend intercourse of Yanbian with China mainland and Republic of Korea, China-Korean culture of Yanbian area was strongly affected by Chinese and Korean culture too.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2019

The metal-manufacturing method and smelting temperature of ancient metal-production processes have been studied by analyzing the principal elements and microstructures of slag. However, the microstructure of slag varies according to the solidification cooling rate and types and relative amounts of various oxides contained within the smelting materials. Hence, there is a need for accurate analysis methods that allow slag to be distinguished by more than its composition or microstructure. In this study, the microstructures of slag discharged as a result of smelting iron sands collected from Pohang and Gyeongju, as well as the slag excavated from the Ungyo site in Wanju, were analyzed by using metalloscopy, scanning election microscopy-energy dispersine X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorenscence(WD-XRF). Furthermore, the microcrystals were accurately characterized by performing Raman micro-spectroscopy, which is a technique that can be used to identify the microcrystals of slags. SEM-EDS analysis of Pohang slag indicated that its white polygonal crystals could be Magnetite; however, Raman micro-spectroscopy revealed that these crystals were actually $ulv{\ddot{o}}spinel$. Raman micro-spectroscopy and SEM-EDS were also used to verify that the coarse white dendritic structures observed in the Gyeongju-slag were $W{\ddot{u}}stites$. Additionally, the Wanju slag was observed to have a glassy matrix, which was confirmed by Raman micro-spectroscopy to be Augite. Thus, we have demonstrated that Raman micro-spectroscopy can accurately identify slag microcrystals, which are otherwise difficult to distinguish as solely based on their chemical composition and crystal morphology. Therefore, we conclude that it has excellent potential as a slag analysis technique.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

Colletotrichum contains many important pathogens which cause economically significant diseases of crops like pepper, strawberry, tomato and apple. Forty four isolates were collected to characterize the diversity of Colletotrichum causing apple anthracnose in various regions of Korea. They were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA and partial $\beta$-tubulin gene DNA sequence, and culture characteristics on PDA and PDA-Benomyl. From the results of molecular analyses, 31 strains belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, ribosomal DNA group (RG) 4 of Moriwaki et al. (2002), 8 strains belonged to C. acutatum, A2 group of Talhinhas et al. (2005) and 5 strains to C. acutatum, A3 group of Talhinhas et al. (2005). Most isolates of C. gloeosporioides RG4 grew faster on PDA than strains of C. acutatum, A2 and A3 groups and most RG4 strains were sensitive to Benomyl. However, a few strains of RG4 grew slower and were resistant to Benomyl. On the basis of molecular characteristics, apple isolates of C. acutatum were clearly differentiated from red pepper isolates of the species, but apple isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

Characterization and numerical identification were carried out for an actinomycetes SL20209. Morphological, cultural and physiological perperties of SL20209 which porduced valistatin and des-$asp^4$-amastatin as inhibitors of aminopeptidase M were evaluated. The isolate was identified to be the genus of Streptomyces. Fourty-three taxonomic units were analysed by using a TAXON program. The isolate was classified into the major cluster 29 of Streptomyces and best-matched to Streptomyces griseoplanus.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.879-889
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• 2010

In this paper I summarize the compiling method of culture satellite account which has been recommended by international statistic organizations, and I suggest the required statistics which is need to compile Korean culture satellite account. Culture satellite account is recommended to be composed of five modules and each module has to has its specific function respectively. The first module is macro-information module, the second module is quantity/volume output module, the third module is characterization module, the fourth module is targeted analysis/analytical module, and the fifth module is documentation module. Each module is recommended to contain cultural demand and supply statistics of respective module from the first module to the fourth module.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2005

A total of 179 isolates of Trichoderma spp. were collected from oyster mushroom substrates in Korea. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, Trichoderma isolates were divided into seven groups, namely T. atroviride, T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. virens, and two unidentified species, referred to as Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2. The predominant species was Trichoderma sp. 2 (n=86) followed by Trichoderma sp. 1 (n=52). Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2 were morphologically distinct not only from the other species of Trichoderma reported but also from each other in the characteristics such as mycelial growth rate, colony appearance, shape of conidia and conidiophores and branching pattern of phialides, although branching pattern of phialides of Trichoderma sp. 1 was similar to that of T. harzianum. In virulence test, the degree for compost colonization of Trichoderma sp. 2 was significantly greater than that of the other Trichoderma species. Trichoderma sp. 2 was found to be the main cause of green mold disease in oyster mushroom production. More work including molecular characterization is needed to confirm the species of Trichoderma sp. 1 and 2.