• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.221-224
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• 2006

To analyze how the furrow directions made by the azimuth of $90^{\circ}-270^{\circ}(N\;90^{\circ})$, $120^{\circ}-300^{\circ}(N\;120^{\circ})\;and\;0^{\circ}-180^{\circ}(N\;180^{\circ})$ effect on the growth characteristics and yield of 2 and 3-year-old ginseng, both of $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$ compared with$N\;120^{\circ}$ recommended as the standard practices for ginseng cultivation. $N\;90^{\circ}$ showed lower quantum and air temperature during forenoon, while it showed higher quantum and air temperature from 15:00 to 19:00 than that of $N\;120^{\circ}$. $N\;180^{\circ}$ showed high quantum and air temperature due to the distinct increase of sunlight penetrated from 9:00 to 11:00, and which were similar to that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ during afternoon. Stem length and leaf area in $N\;90^{\circ}\;and\;N\;180^{\circ}$, respectively, were decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$, and those in $N\;180^{\circ}$ were decreased more distinctly than $N\;90^{\circ}$. Heat injury rate was decreased in $N\;90^{\circ}$, while it was increased distinctly in $N\;180^{\circ}$ that showed high quantum and air temperature, and which showed great variation according to the year. Yield of $N\;180^{\circ}$ was decreased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2004, the year when it was a relatively high air temperature during summer season, but which was increased more than that of$N\;120^{\circ}$ in 2005 showing a rotatively low air temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2010

The use of green manure crop for sustainable agriculture can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and herbicides, and the cultivation area of the green manure crop has gradually increased. However, there has been little information about appropriate use of spring-sown green manure crop in the central regions of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different legume crops on application of sown green manure in spring. Each of the green manure crops including alfalfa, chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, crotalaria, hairy vetch, lupin, red clover and white clover was grown in upland soil of silt loam. The dry weight and C/N ratio of all crops increased throughout the growing period, while C/N ratio of all crops during growing period was lower than 25. The highest value of dry weight among the green manure crops was observed in crimson clover, followed by red clover, lupin, chinese milk vetch and alfalfa. Also, the highest value of contents of nitrogen, phosphous and potassium of green manure crops were observed in hairy vetch, alfalfa and crimson clover, respectively. And the values were 41.3, 4.3 and 35.9 g $kg^{-1}$, respectively. In terms of nitrogen yield, crimson clover that showed 71 kg N $ha^{-1}$ was the highest yield among the green manure crops, followed by chinese milk vetch of 51 kg $ha^{-1}$, red clover of 46 kg $ha^{-1}$, and hairy vetch of 41 kg $ha^{-1}$. These results suggest that crimson clover, chinese milk vetch, red clover, and hairy vetch could be a suitable green manure crop for spring sowing.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-108
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• 2017

The nationwide weed survey was conducted in arable land, paddy field, upland, orchard and pasture, over whole country of Korea during 3 years from 2013 to 2015. Also, these survey were conducted in order to determine a change of weed community and to identify a major dominant weed species, and problem weeds. Weeds of arable land were composed of 619 species belonging to 81 families. Weeds occurred in paddy field were 90 species belonging to 28 families, upland weeds were 375 species of 50 families, orchard weeds were 492 species of 63 families and pasture weeds 275 species of 52 families. Among total 81 families, the Asteraceae (15.5%) was the biggest family, followed by Poaceae (13.1%), Fabaceae (5.5%), Cyperaceae (5.2%), Polygonaceae (6.3%), respectively. And these weed species were composed of annual weeds of 209 species (33.8%), winter annual of 102 species (16.4%) and perennial weeds of 308 species (49.8%). Exotic weeds naturalized in Korea were investigated as 166 species. Weed flora in Korean cultivation area have been increased as much as 13 families and 186 species for 10 years compared to 2000~2004 weed survey result of 68 families and 433 species. The increment could be resulted from the change of weed population such as increase of the herbicide-resistant and the difference of investigation method.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Mycorrhiza refers to the association between a plant and a fungus colonizing the cortical tissue of the plant's roots during periods of active plant growth. The benefits afforded by plants from mycorrhizal symbioses can be characterized either agronomically, based on increased growth and yield, or ecologically, based on improved fitness (i.e., reproductive ability). In either case, the benefit accrues primarily because mycorrhizal fungi form a critical linkage between plant roots and the soil. The soilborne or extramatrical hyphae take up nutrients from the soil solution and transport them to the root. This mycorrhizae-mediated mechanism increases the effective absorptive surface area of the plant. There are seven major types of mycorrhizae along with mycoheterotrophy: endomycorrhizae (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM), ectomycorrhizae (EM), ectendomycorrhizae, monotropoid, arbutoid, orchid, and ericoid. Endomycorrhizal fungi form arbuscules or highly branched structures within root cortical cells, giving rise to arbuscular mycorrhiza, which may produce extensive extramatrical hyphae and significantly increase phosphorus inflow rates in the plants they colonize. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may produce large quantities of hyphae on the root and in the soil; these hyphae play a role in absorption and translocation of inorganic nutrients and water, and also release nutrients from litter layers by producing enzymes involved in mineralization of organic matters. Over 4,000 fungal species, primarily belonging to Basidiomycotina and to a lesser extent Ascomycotina, are able to form ectomycorrhizae. Many of these fungi produce various mushrooms on the forest floor that are traded at a high price. In this paper, we discuss the benefits, nutrient cycles, and artificial cultivation of mycorrhizae in Korea.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

Cauliflower mushroom widely known high concent of ${\beta}$-glucan for farm cultivation invigoration verified characteristics of mycelia growth, genetic diversity, resistance to Trichoderma by replacement culture with Trichoderma and growth characteristics of new variety crossbleeding strain. The result of replacement culture with Trichoderma for verification resistance about Trichoderma, 6951 (T. viride) strain did not show special change after formation of confrontation line and 6952 (T. spp.) strain was showed more formation of spore after formation of confrontation line. But 6426 (T. harzianum) strain found to encroach part of growth area of cauliflower mushroom mycelia. Among 10 kinds cauliflower mushroom strain, JF02-06 strain collected by Gurye, found did not spore of Trichoderma and thought to be resistant to Trichoderma. The result of crossbleeding after selected that mother strain good growth and formation of fruit body, verified good mycelia growth at JF02-47, 49 and 50 strain in Korean pine of wood-chip media. The result of gene sequence about ITS1, 5.8S and ITS4 for analysis of genetic diversity at crossbleeding strain, found high significance to other cauliflower mushroom in registered Genebank. The result of growth characteristic of spore and mycelia of cauliflower mushroom by observation microscope, size of spore showed water drop shape to major axis $6{\mu}m$ and minor axis $5{\mu}m$ and clamp showed 3 types in mycelia. The wide of mycelia was $3{\mu}m$. The characteristic of mycelia of cauliflower mushroom found to grow mycelia in clamp at approximately 50%. The growth speed of mycelia was $0.507{\mu}m/min$ and 2nd mycelia grown similar speed to mother mycelia at parallel with mother mycelia after growth speed at $0.082{\mu}m/min$. The formation of clamp made small clamp for 5 hours after shown transfer of electrolyte in mycelia inside. The septum formation started after 3 hours and then finally completed after 2 hours. In this study, strain of cauliflower mushroom verified resistance of Trichoderma, genetic diversity and characteristic of mycelia growth. Therefore, basic knowledge of cauliflower mushroom will improve and further contribute to development of mushroom industry.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.180-189
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• 2018

Agricultural landscapes in Korea comprise a large cultivation area of rice paddies, other crops, and forests which surround the cropland and the farmers' residential village. The forests in this agricultural landscape play important roles as ecological corridors and refuges for plants and animals in this agroecosystem. The present study investigated the spatial and temporal diversity patterns among these components of the agroecosystem to provide baseline data that describes how fauna change in the studies system. Insect sampling was conducted at four sites in two regions, Chungcheong (Ockcheon and Geumsan) and Jeonnam (Younggwang and Haenam), from March to August of 2014, using an UV light trap for moths and five pitfall traps for beetles. Beetles comprised 225 species and 2,457 individuals in 35 families, while moths consisted of 141 species and 403 individuals in 17 families. Beetles showed higher diversity in Chungcheong than Jeonnam, while moths showed no difference in diversity between regions. Forests showed the highest number of species and individuals, followed by orchards and rice paddies. The food preference of beetles showed that forests contained a higher proportion of herbivores, while orchards and rice paddies had a higher proportion of carnivores. Temporal changes in moths in the two regions were synchronous, while those of beetles were nonsynchronous. Moths increased from spring to summer across all habitats, especially in rice paddies during summer. Beetles also increased from spring to summer in orchards and rice paddies, although the beetles in the forests increased in the middle of summer. A detailed and long-term study is needed to reveal the causes of different diversity patterns of taxa among the different habitats within the agroecosystems.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find on the screening of a optimal variety after compare with characteristics of a colored soybean recommended and a vegetable soybean by pure line isolation from the indigenous variety in Chungnam area. The budding period in results compared with a budding property of testing varieties between the recommended colored soybean 6 varieties and the indigenous 3 varieties, was showed that it was delayed by increasing of a grain weight but the budding rate was not significant. And the harvest period was the most early day at the black colored soybean plot at the 30th July and was the latest day at the native variety (Nonsan jaerae) at the 21 th October. The stem length was showed a wide range from 25 to 104 cm, and the Asan jaerae in this result was the highest on 104 cm, but the Geomjeongolkong was the lowest on 25 cm. The number of pod per plant was searched about 9 to 111 range, and the most numerous plot in this experimental varieties was the Ilpumgeomjeongkong as 111 number, on the other hand, the least variety was the Asan jaerae as 9 number. The rate of more than 2 seed per pod in the vegetable soybean property was the highest at the Geomjeongolkong about 82%. Additionally, the Hwangkuemkong and Geomjeongkong 1 was relatively the high levels as 78% and 73%, respectively. At the pod yield per $1000\;m^2$ (10a) was the most much as 1,567 kg at the Ilpumgeomjeongkong. Also, the Sunheukkong and the Galmikong was 1,468 kg, 1,397 kg, respectively. Therefore, the Ilpumgeomjeongkong, Sunheukkong, and Galmikong were proper varieties for the vegetable cultivation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2011

Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.), a colored bell-type sweet pepper, is one of the most important money making vegetable crops in Korea. The cultivation area, total production, and exports of paprika are gradually getting increased, but the paprika cultivars used in Korea are all imported. It was well-known that the genic male sterility (GMS) is the main way to produce paprika hybrid seeds. However, it is little known that how many and what kinds of ms genes are used for breeding of paprika $F_1$ varieties. In this study, eight paprika cultivars ('Special', 'Debla', 'Plenty', 'Fiero', 'Boogie', 'Fiesta', 'Derby', and 'Minibell'), popularly cultivated in Korea and three different genic male sterile lines ('GMSP', 'GMS3', and 'GMSK') were used. For allelism test among the $F_1$ cultivars, half diallel crosses were performed. The result demonstrated that the most of the GMS in paprika cultivars except for 'Minibell' were same allele. To identify which GMS gene(s) were used for paprika $F_1$ cultivars, top crosses between previously known GMS lines and the $F_1$ cultivars were performed. As a result, we found that the $ms_k$ and the $ms_p$ genes were alleles for the GMS of 'Minibell' and for the other cultivars, respectively. We also confirmed that the GMS gene identification using GMSK-CAPS marker linked to the $ms_k$ gene and the PmsM1-CAPS marker linked to the $ms_p$ gene in $F_2$ progenies of 'Minibell' and 'Fiesta' and 'Derby' cultivars, respectively. In addition, we developed the PmsM2-CAPS marker for 'Plenty', 'Fiero', and 'Boogie' cultivars. We expect that these markers will be very useful for breeding new maternal (male sterile) line of paprika.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 2018

This study aimed to determine effects of light-emitting diodes on plant growth, leaf morphology and cell elongation of two cultivars ('World-star' and 'Sushiro') of Spinacia oleracea. Plants were grown in a NFT system for 25 days after transplanting (DAT) under the LEDs [White (W), Red and Blue (RB, ratio 2:1), Blue (B), Red (R) LED] under the same light intensity and photoperiod ($130{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 12 hours). The 'World-star' variety was significantly higher in shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf number, and leaf area than the 'Sushiro' variety. For the 'World-star' variety, the two treatments of mixed light (RB) and red light (R) showed a 35% higher shoot dry weight than that of blue light (B) and white light (W) at 25 DAT. In the 'Sushiro' variety, mixed light (RB) treatment, which had the highest shoot fresh and dry weights, showed 40% higher than the white light (W) treatment, which had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weights. Both varieties showed leaf epinasty symptom at 21 DAT only in both mixed light (RB) and red light (R), and red light (R) treatment showed significantly higher symptom than mixed light (RB), indicating the leaf epinasty is associated with red light. Microscopic observations of the cell size in the leaf center and edge parts showed that the cell density of leaf edge under the red light (R) was lower than that in leaf center, supporting previous reports that suggest an association of the cell size difference between the leaf center and edge with the leaf epinasty occurrence. Since the blue light (B) plays a role in alleviating the epinasty symptom caused by the red light (R), it seems necessary to identify the appropriate mixing ratio of the two light sources. In addition, the World-star variety seems to be more suitable for the cultivation of plant factory using LED light sources.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2020

In Yesan-gun, Korea's main apple-producing region, the area of apple cultivation and yield are declining. In particular, the worsening quality of fruits due to unusually high temperatures amid recent climate change has also become a major challenge for apple orchards located on flatlands. The objective of this research is to investigate quality changes of apples according to different growing environments, depending on the shade of the sun, by covering the trees with different colors of wind nets. A white and blue wind nets with a hole size of 2 × 2 mm is installed on two experimental trees, 17-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Hongro', which are planted 1.5 m × 3.5 m in the north-south direction. Treatment of wind nets effectively lowered fruit surface temperature regardless of apple variety. When measuring the temperature of the fruit surface at 2 pm, the temperature of the air was 34.8℃, but the 'Fuji' of the untreated blocks was the highest at 40.0℃, while the blue wind net and the white wind net were significantly lower at 34.9℃ and 36.6℃, respectively. In 'Hongro', the results showed that the surface temperature was effectively lowered by recording 38.3℃ for the blue wind net and 38.5℃ for the white wind net treatment when the untreated one was 44.2℃. According to the color difference in 'Fuji', the skin redness (a^⁎) was the lowest with untreated control at 16.5, but the blue and white wind net treatment higher at 18.0 and 19.3, respectively. In 'Hongro', the white wind net treated fruit also showed a much higher skin redness than the untreated control of 28.1, showing much higher a^⁎ of 34.9. Sunburn damage in 'Fuji' apples amounted to 9.4% in untreated control. However, the blue and white wind net treatment revealed to 3.8% and 4.2%, respectively. In 'Hongro', those damage in the fruits treated with blue or white wind net, accounted for only 8.8% and 12.4%, respectively, significantly lower than 28.8% occurrence of untreated one. And, these results were understood to be the result of low UV radiation being blocked by the treatment of wind nets.