• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Attempts were made to determine the characteristics of the morphology of Codonopsis lanceolata $T_{RAUT's}$ root. Its saponin and crude powder were examined by foaming and hemolytic tests and by observing transverse sections: 1) The cork-layer was consisted of multiple cells, and some of the cork cells contained monoclinic prism crystals of calcium oxalates. 2) The vascular bundle was formed of radial arrangement by the preminentic bursting pith and the irregular cambium ring with the abnormal growth. 3) The latex vessel and latex of the cortex were brown-gray or yellowish-brown. The latex vessel and sieve tube were consisted of the independent aggregates which had a number of layers. It had much more independent aggregates than Platycodi Radix. 4) The xylem was less than the phloem portion. The thick-walled vessels which had one to five lines ware more distributed than in Platycodi Radix. 5) The inulin distribution on a piece of section which is dipped in alcohol was observed through out the tissues, but starch grain was not found in it. 6) The duration time of foaming reaction of the crude powder in test tubes was shorter than that of Platycodi Radix. Foaming index of the foaming test of five percent decoctions was 3.33, 7) In the hemolytic test which used 10 percent decoction and one percent saponin solution, hemolytic action was very weak.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.188-204
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• 1977

The studies on the saponins of Korean ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, were performed according to the cultivating locations, sampling seasons, plant parts, and growing stages. The changes in saponin content in the course of manufacturing Red ginseng and Ginseng extract were observed. In this paper, a new method for the determination of the total and the individual saponin glucosides was proposed and applied to the samples under study. The method employing Digital Densitorol DMU-33C (Toyo electric Co., Japan) followed the separation of the saponins by means of a preparative thin layer chromatography. The saponin contents and their fractional distribution were summarized as follows: 1. The average concentrations(% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins in the roots of Korean ginseng planted in the various locations were 5.0%(Keumsan), 6.0% (Kimpo), and 5.4% (Pocheon), respectively. 2. There were 3.3% saponins in White ginseng(Rhizome) and 12.7% saponins in Ginseng tail (Fibrous root). 3. Regarding the year of growth, the contents of saponins were 90.3mg (2-year-old ginseng), 254.4mg (3-year-old ginseng), 404.2mg (4-year-old ginseng). 999.6mg (5-year-old ginseng), and 1377.1mg (6-year-old ginseng) respectively, and the saponin factions containing panaxatriol as an aglycone increased. 4. Thin layer chromatography revealed that Red ginseng yielded many saponins which Shibata et al. designated as $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ (22.1%), $-Rb_2(15.4%)$, -Rc(12.6%), -Re (15.7%), and $-Rg_1$, (9.3%). 5. 29.9% of crude saponins were isolated from ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng fibrous root and their extraction yield was 94.2% of fibrous root saponin.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

Objectives : Positive effects of Ginseng has great research attentions such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiaging, liver, immune function, CNS, etc. In this study, we investigated Hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisto establish fermentation conditions for enhancing functionality.Methods : Ginseng Folium were cultivated hydroponic-cultured and were extracted with methanol. We inoculateBacillus subtilisfor fermentation by adding to 0%, 3% and 5% sugar respectively and checked antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and total saponin content in 2 days intervals during 11 days. The antioxidant activities were studied by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. We analyzed the Total phenol content, crude saponin content and ginsenoside content. Moreever, Hepatoprotective effects by Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and Glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in Sprague-Dawley rat.Results : The results of DPPH and ABTS were 66.89% and 96.72%, respectively. The reducing power was resulted in optical density of 0.7312 with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation. and the concentration at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenol content was 36.92㎎/g with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation, in which crude saponin content wasn't changed, and ginsenoside content such as Rg3, Re and Rb was increased. Activities of GOT and GPT concentration were decreased in rat.Conclusions : This study suggests that hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisin 9 days showed significant efficacy of hepato-protection as well as antioxidant compared to the others. In addition, it shows not only improved value but also utilized hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium by fermentation.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.247-254
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to compare the chemical properties of red ginseng, white ginseng, and extruded ginseng. Six kinds of samples were prepared and examined their chemical components. The comparison among crude ash, crude lipid, and total sugar resulted insignificant difference. White ginseng had lower content of reducing sugar than those of extruded ginseng and red ginseng. Total amino acid was found relatively low in treatment A (sliced whole root and dried at 7$0^{\circ}C$). Total amino acid of treatment C (extruded dry whole root ginseng slices, moisture content 30%, barrel temperature 11$0^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm) was higher than that of treatment B (extruded dry whole root slices, moisture content 25%, barrel temperature 11$0^{\circ}C$, and screw speed 200 rpm). Crude saponin of treatments A, B, C, D (white ginseng with skin), E (skinless white ginseng), and F (red ginseng) were 4.02, 4.77, 4.12, 3.56, 3.25, and 4.02%, respectively. Ginsenoside was contained similarly as crude saponin. The amount of ginsenoside in the treatment of A, B, C, D, E, and F was recorded respectively at 6.031, 8.108, 6.876, 7.978, 5.591, and 9.834 mg/g. A specific component in red ginseng, $R_{g3}$ was detected in treatment F. Maltol was detected in treatment Band F. Acidic polysaccharide was increased 2∼3% by extrusion process. In conclusion, extruded ginseng had similar components to those of red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Influnces of Fuiarium solani and Phytophthora cactorum infection on the changes in saponin components of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)roots and some of the biology of those fungi in relation to ginseng root were investigated. Mycelial growth of F. solani was decreased as increasing concentration of the water extracts of fresh ginseng roots, while that of P. cactorum was increased as increasing the concentration of the water extracts and crude saponin. Mycelial growth of F. solani, however, was increased as increasing concentration of crude ginseng saponin upto 20 ppm, while it was tended to be decreased when the concentration was higher than 50 ppm. Nystatin also suppresed the growth of F. solani as increasing its concentration, but it did not affected on the growth of p. cactorum. Ginsenoside Ra and Ro components were not detected in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum. Panaxadiol gisenosides were increased by 3.0%, whereas panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 34.9% in ginseng roots inoculated with F. iolani. In ginseng roots inoculated with P. cactorum panaxadiol ginsenosides were increased by 21.1%, but panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 23.5%. PD/PT ratio in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were equally increased by 58.4% in spite of differences in the change of panaxadiol and panaxatriol ginsenosides. The total saponin components of ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were decreased by 17.8% and 2.5%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 1998

To study of production of Panax ginseng leaf tea, after harvested the leaves in July, August, and September as ripening season, the content and composition of ginseng saponin were investigated. 1. Crude saponin contents in the leaves were a about 16.5%, and they were found to be lower in the leaf harvested in September than those harvested in July or August. 2. As similar patterns were observed with month to month in ginsenoside, sum of major ginsenosides of -Re, -Rd and -Rg1 was fixed about 70% of saponin at harvested in each month. And minor components were ginsenoside -Rb1, -Rb2 and -Rc as in order. 3. The ratio of protopanaxadiol(PD)/protopanaxatriol(PT) was revealed reduction of 1.13 of harvested in July to 0.85 of those in September gradually. The contents of protopanaxadiol were high in the leaves of August and protopanaxatriol was high in those September.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2008

This study compared the physicochemical properties of root hair of white ginseng (WG), root hair of tissue cultured mountain ginseng (MG), root hair of red ginseng (RG) and extruded ginseng samples. The comparison of crude ash and total sugar resulted insignificant differences between extruded and raw samples. MG had a higher content of crude ash, crude protein, amino acids and polyphenolic compound than WG and RG; the total sugar and reducing sugar were highest in RG. Crude fat and acidic polysaccharide in RG and WG were similar to and higher than MG. Crude saponin of treated samples WG1 (moisture content 25%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) and WG3 (moisture content 35%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) were 9.80% and 9.73%, respectively, which were the highest among ginseng samples. In conclusion, the extrusion process can be applied to red ginseng manufacturing, and some characteristics of MG were higher than in RG and WG.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1999

Recent studies have suggested that Panax ginseng saponins may stimulate pancreaticobiliary secretion. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the alterations in pancreaticobiliary function associated with ginseng saponins remain uncertain. We studied the effects of ginseng saponins and devazepide, cholecys-tokinin receptor antagonist, on pancreaticobiliary secretion in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The saponins tested were crude saponin (TS) and panaxatriol saponin (PTS). After single or two weeks administration of saponins, pancreaticobiliary juice of rats was collected for 8hrs. Single administration of TS and PTS did not change the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice compared with control group. In contrast, the pretreatment of devazepide significantly increased the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice. The amylase activity was significantly increased by acute TS treatment, but this increase was inhibited by devazepide pretreatment. In animals with two weeks administration of TS and PTS, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was not increased as compared to the control group. However, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was significantly increased by devazepide treatment. The amylase activity was significantly increased by two weeks administration TS and PTS respectively. This increase was inhibited by devazepide treatment. Our findings suggest that ginseng saponins, especially panaxatriol, increase the amylase activity in pancreaticobiliary juice, and this is, in part, caused by release of endogenous cholecystokinin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.187-190
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• 2002

Crude synaptic membrane fractions from the frontal cortex, striatum, brain stem and whole brain of rat were prepared to assay the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on [$^3$H]DAGO bindings of the opioid $\mu$-receptors. Scatchard plots analysis binding data demonstrated that GTS (0.1 mg/ml) decreased the affinity of specific [$^3$H]DAGO bindings without changes in B$\_$max/ in the frontal cortex and striatum. On the other hand, GTS did not affect the [$^3$H]DAGO bindings iii the brain stem and whole brain. These results suggest that the regulation of [$^3$H]DAGO bindings by GTS may play roles in the change of the pharmacological responses of $\mu$-opioids.