• 생약학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

Attempts were made to determine the characteristics of the morphology of Codonopsis lanceolata $T_{RAUT's}$ root. Its saponin and crude powder were examined by foaming and hemolytic tests and by observing transverse sections: 1) The cork-layer was consisted of multiple cells, and some of the cork cells contained monoclinic prism crystals of calcium oxalates. 2) The vascular bundle was formed of radial arrangement by the preminentic bursting pith and the irregular cambium ring with the abnormal growth. 3) The latex vessel and latex of the cortex were brown-gray or yellowish-brown. The latex vessel and sieve tube were consisted of the independent aggregates which had a number of layers. It had much more independent aggregates than Platycodi Radix. 4) The xylem was less than the phloem portion. The thick-walled vessels which had one to five lines ware more distributed than in Platycodi Radix. 5) The inulin distribution on a piece of section which is dipped in alcohol was observed through out the tissues, but starch grain was not found in it. 6) The duration time of foaming reaction of the crude powder in test tubes was shorter than that of Platycodi Radix. Foaming index of the foaming test of five percent decoctions was 3.33, 7) In the hemolytic test which used 10 percent decoction and one percent saponin solution, hemolytic action was very weak.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.188-204
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• 1977

인삼(人蔘)의 유효성분(有效成分)으로 알려진 saponin을 Thin layer chromatography로 전개(展開)하여 Digital Densitometer를 사용(使用)하여 한국인삼(韓國人蔘)의 산지별(産地別), 부위별(部位別), 재배연도별(栽培年度別) saponin함량(含量) 및 그 saponin fraction의 조성비(組成比)를 정량(定量)하고, 홍삼(紅蔘) 및 인삼(人蔘)엑기스 제조중(製造中) 일어나는 saponin함량(含量)의 변화(變化)를 연구(硏究)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 산지별(産地別) saponin 함량(含量)에는 별로 차이(差異)가 없었으며, panaxadiol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin군(群)과 panaxatriol을 aglycone으로 하는 sapon군(群)의 조성비(組成比)는 ($1.7{\sim}2.6$) : 1정도였다. 2. 부위별(部位別)로 볼 때, saponin함량(含量)은 미삼(尾蔘)이 12.7%로서 3.3%인 백삼(白蔘)의 4배에 가까운 높은 값을보였다. 그리고 saponin fraction별(別)로 볼 때, panaxadiol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin fraction도 미삼(尾蔘)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 많으나, panaxatriol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin fraction은 반대(反對)로 미삼(尾蓼)이 백삼(白蔘)보다 적었다. TLC의 2차원전개결과(次元展開結果), ginsenoside-Rd는 백삼(白蔘)에만 나타나고, 미삼(尾蔘)에서는 나타나지 않는 반면(反面), Rf와 $Rg_1$은 미삼(尾蔘)에서는 분리(分離)되었으나, 백삼(白蔘)에서는 $Rg_1$만이 존재하고, Rf는 분리(分離)되지 않았다 3. 재배연도별(栽培年度別) 근부(根部)의 saponin함량(含量)은 재배기간(栽培其間)에 따라 일정(一定)한 경향(傾向)을 찾아볼 수 없으나, 인삼근당평균(人蔘根當平均) saponin함량(含量)은 2년근(年根)이 90.3mg, 3년근(年根)이 254.2mg. 4년근(年根)이 404.2mg, 5년근(年根)이 996.9mg, 6년근(年根)이 1377.1mg으로 재배기간(栽培其間)이 길어질수록 현저(顯著)하게 높았다. 그리고 인삼지상부(人蔘地上部)의 saponin함량(含量)도 재배기간(栽培其間)에 길어질수록 높아지는 경향(傾向)을 볼 수 있었다. 그러나, saponin fraction별(別)볼 때는 $5{\sim}6$년(年)의 수확기(收穫期)에 가까워질수록 panaxatriol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin fraction의 함량(含量)이 높았다. 4. 홍삼제조중(紅蔘製造中)의 saponin fraction별(別) panaxadiol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin fraction의 조성비(組成比)도 건삼(乾蔘)에 비(比)하여 홍삼(紅蔘)이 낮아졌으나, panaxatriol을 aglycone으로 하는 saponin fraction의 조성비(組成比)는 건삼(乾蔘)에 비(比)하여 홍삼(紅蔘)이 오히려 높았다. 홍삼(紅蔘)의 Thin layer chromatogram에는 건삼(乾蔘)의 그것에 나타나지 않았던 수개(數個)의 미확인(未確認) spot를 더 볼 수 있었다. 5. Ethanol과 물로 미삼(尾蔘)을 추출(抽出)하여, 29.9%의 인삼(人蔘)엑기스를 얻었는데, 이 엑기스에는 미삼(尾蔘)으로부터 추출수율(抽出收率)이 94.2%에 상당(相當)하는 saponin이 이행(移行) 함유(含有)되어 있었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

Objectives : Positive effects of Ginseng has great research attentions such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiaging, liver, immune function, CNS, etc. In this study, we investigated Hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisto establish fermentation conditions for enhancing functionality.Methods : Ginseng Folium were cultivated hydroponic-cultured and were extracted with methanol. We inoculateBacillus subtilisfor fermentation by adding to 0%, 3% and 5% sugar respectively and checked antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and total saponin content in 2 days intervals during 11 days. The antioxidant activities were studied by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. We analyzed the Total phenol content, crude saponin content and ginsenoside content. Moreever, Hepatoprotective effects by Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and Glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in Sprague-Dawley rat.Results : The results of DPPH and ABTS were 66.89% and 96.72%, respectively. The reducing power was resulted in optical density of 0.7312 with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation. and the concentration at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenol content was 36.92㎎/g with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation, in which crude saponin content wasn't changed, and ginsenoside content such as Rg3, Re and Rb was increased. Activities of GOT and GPT concentration were decreased in rat.Conclusions : This study suggests that hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisin 9 days showed significant efficacy of hepato-protection as well as antioxidant compared to the others. In addition, it shows not only improved value but also utilized hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium by fermentation.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2005

본 실험은 홍삼, 백삼, 압출성형 공정변수인 수분함량을 25%와 30%로 달리하여 제조한 압출성형수삼의 화학적 성분을 비교하였다. 조회분, 조지방, 총당의 경우 홍삼, 백삼, 압출성형수삼 간의 차이가 거의 나타나지 않았고, 환원당의 경우 백삼시료에서 다른 처리구보다 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 아미노산은 수삼을 파쇄하여 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 건조한 수삼(A처리구)에서 낮은 함량을 나타내었고, 수분함량 25%, 배럴 11$0^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm에서 압출성형한 수삼(B처리구)보다 수분함량 30%, 배럴 11$0^{\circ}C$, 스크루 회전속도 200 rpm에서 압출성형한 수삼(C처리구)이 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 조사포닌의 경우에는 A처리구가 4.02%, B와 C처리구가 4.77%, 4.12%이고, 수삼 표피를 제거하지 않은 피부백삼(D처리구)은 3.56%, 수삼 표피를 제거한 피부백삼(E처리구)의 경우는 3.25%, 홍삼(F처리구)은 4.02%로 조사되었다. 총 진세노사이드는 조사포닌의 경우와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 즉 A처리구가 6.031 mg/g, B와 C처리구가 8.108 mg/g, 6.876 mg/g으로 조사되었고, D처리구는 7.978 mg/g, E처리구의 경우는 5.591 mg/g, F처리구는 9.834 mg/g로 측정되었다. F처리구에서 홍삼특유 사포닌이라고 알려진 $R_{g3}$가 측정되었다. 말톨의 경우에는 홍삼과 압출성형수삼 처리구에서만 관찰되었다. 산성다당체는 압출성형에 의해 2∼3% 증가하였다. 결론적으로 압출성 형수삼은 홍삼의 성분과 유사한 결과를 나타내었으며, 압출성형공정변수의 변화를 통해 홍삼에 포함된 홍삼특유 사포닌인 $R_{g3}$도 전환될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Fuiarium solani 와 Phytophthora cactorum 이 인삼 사포닌 성분에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알기 위해서 각 첨가배지에서의 균사생육과 접종된 인삼분말의 사포닌 분석실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Fuiarium solani는 수삼의 물추출물 농도에 따라 생육이 억제되었으며 조사포닌 20ppm 첨가까지 생육이 촉진되었으나 50ppm이상에서는 불규칙적인 생육 억제효과가 있었다. 그리고 nystatin은 농도에 다라 생육을 억제하였다. Phytophthora cactorum은 수삼의 물추출액, 조사포닌의 농동에 따라서 생육은 촉진되었으며 nystatin은 생육에 영향을 미치지 않았다. F. solani 및 P. cactorum 으로 접종된 인삼분말은 ginsenoside Ra, Ro peak가 나타나지 않았으며 F. solani에 의해 PD 계 ginsenoside가 3.0% 증가되고 PT계 ginsenosides는 34.9% 감소되었다. P. cactorum의 경우는 PD 계 ginsenoside가 21.1% 증가, PT계 ginsenosides는 23.5% 감소하였다. 두 균주에 의해 PD, PT계 ginsenoside의 변화가 다르게 나타났지만 PD/PT비는 동일하게 58.4%씩 각각 높아졌다. 인삼의 총 사포닌 함량은 F. solani에 의해 17.8%, P. cactorum에 의해서 2.5%씩 각각 감소하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 1998

인삼엽차 제조를 위한 연구의 일환으로 인삼엽의 성숙시기인 7, 8, 9월 중에 인삼엽을 각각 채엽하여 사포닌 함량 및 조성을 비교, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼엽의 사포닌 함량은 7월엽이 17.17%, 8월엽이 16.67%, 9월엽 25.58%로서 채엽시기가 늦어질수록 감소하였으나 ginsenoside pattern은 유사하였다. 2. 인삼엽의 ginsenoide 함량 및 조성은 채엽시기와 관계없이 ginsenosides-Re, -Rd, -Rg1 등이 총사포닌 성분의 70% 이상을 차지하였고 그 다음으로 -Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc 순이었으며 protoparnaxadiol계 사포닌은 8월엽, protopanaxatriol계 사포닌은 9월엽에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 3. 인삼엽의 채엽시기별 protopanaxadiol(PD)/protopanaxatriol(PT)계 사포닌의 함유비율은 7월엽의 1.13에서 9월엽은 0.85로 점차 낮아지는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2008

This study compared the physicochemical properties of root hair of white ginseng (WG), root hair of tissue cultured mountain ginseng (MG), root hair of red ginseng (RG) and extruded ginseng samples. The comparison of crude ash and total sugar resulted insignificant differences between extruded and raw samples. MG had a higher content of crude ash, crude protein, amino acids and polyphenolic compound than WG and RG; the total sugar and reducing sugar were highest in RG. Crude fat and acidic polysaccharide in RG and WG were similar to and higher than MG. Crude saponin of treated samples WG1 (moisture content 25%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) and WG3 (moisture content 35%, barrel temperature $110^{\circ}C$) were 9.80% and 9.73%, respectively, which were the highest among ginseng samples. In conclusion, the extrusion process can be applied to red ginseng manufacturing, and some characteristics of MG were higher than in RG and WG.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.138-144
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• 1999

Recent studies have suggested that Panax ginseng saponins may stimulate pancreaticobiliary secretion. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the alterations in pancreaticobiliary function associated with ginseng saponins remain uncertain. We studied the effects of ginseng saponins and devazepide, cholecys-tokinin receptor antagonist, on pancreaticobiliary secretion in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The saponins tested were crude saponin (TS) and panaxatriol saponin (PTS). After single or two weeks administration of saponins, pancreaticobiliary juice of rats was collected for 8hrs. Single administration of TS and PTS did not change the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice compared with control group. In contrast, the pretreatment of devazepide significantly increased the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice. The amylase activity was significantly increased by acute TS treatment, but this increase was inhibited by devazepide pretreatment. In animals with two weeks administration of TS and PTS, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was not increased as compared to the control group. However, the volume of pancreaticobiliary juice was significantly increased by devazepide treatment. The amylase activity was significantly increased by two weeks administration TS and PTS respectively. This increase was inhibited by devazepide treatment. Our findings suggest that ginseng saponins, especially panaxatriol, increase the amylase activity in pancreaticobiliary juice, and this is, in part, caused by release of endogenous cholecystokinin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.187-190
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• 2002

Crude synaptic membrane fractions from the frontal cortex, striatum, brain stem and whole brain of rat were prepared to assay the effects of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on [$^3$H]DAGO bindings of the opioid $\mu$-receptors. Scatchard plots analysis binding data demonstrated that GTS (0.1 mg/ml) decreased the affinity of specific [$^3$H]DAGO bindings without changes in B$\_$max/ in the frontal cortex and striatum. On the other hand, GTS did not affect the [$^3$H]DAGO bindings iii the brain stem and whole brain. These results suggest that the regulation of [$^3$H]DAGO bindings by GTS may play roles in the change of the pharmacological responses of $\mu$-opioids.