• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2008

This trial was conducted to investigate effects of different feeding types of conventional or total mixed rations (TMR) provision on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics in different breeds of native and cross bred Korean black goats. Ten Korean native male goats and 10 Korean crossbred black male goats (Korean native $\times$ Australian feral crossbred, 50:50), average 18 kg of BW, were used in this trial, and each breed of Korean black goats was separated into conventional and TMR diets treatments in a randomized complete block design. Conventional diet was based on forages and commercial diet. All animals were housed in individual metabolism crates and were fed ad libitum. Water was available at all times. Experimental period totally lasted for 38 days, consisting of 14 days of adaptation, 10 days of preliminary period and 14 days of sample collection period. Daily dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR treatments of the crossbred goats. Within breeds, crossbred rather than native-bred consumed more highly, and within the feeding type, TMR diets were more fed in comparison with conventional diet. Average daily gain ranked the highest in crossbred : TMR, followed by crossbred: conventional diet, native-bred: TMR, and native-bred: conventional diet (p<0.05). Dry matter digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) higher for TMR than for conventional diets, and it was higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korea black goats. Nitrogen retention was highest in TMR treatments of crossbreed, whereas it was lowest in conventional diet of native breed (p<0.05). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in crossbred than in native-bred Korean black goats. Overall, the results indicated that feeding total mixed ration to crossbred rather than native-bred Korean black goats had more favourable influences on their performances, intakes, digestibility, nitrogen retention and blood metabolite characteristics. In conclusion, it is conceived that the results may contribute to economical benefit to farms producing Korean black goats together with establishment of an efficient feeding management system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.982-985
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• 2002

A study was carried out to determine glucose kinetics, nutrient balance and milk production of lactating Etawah crossbred goats. The animals (27.2 to 29.1 kg BW) were randomly divided into four levels of dietary treatment groups: the first group R1 received 100% (3 kg) fresh king grass (Penisetum purpuroides), the second group R2 received 75% king grass and 25% king grass silage prepared with chicken manure, the third group R3 received 50% king grass and 50% silage, and the fourth group R4 received 100% silage. In addition to the roughage, each group received 800 g of concentrate (CP 14.77% of DM; 17.26 MJ/kg). Animals fed king grass silage made with chicken manure were found to be superior to the group fed king grass alone. Glucose kinetics and retained energy were significantly affected. Calculations showed that glucose requirements for maintenance and milk production can be met for the groups with high levels of silage (R3 and R4). The values of glucose flux were in the range of 2.52 to 4.50 mg/min.kg $BW^{0.807}$ which are lower, but close to, the values for the temperate lactating dairy cow. The present glucose flux value for the lactating Etawah crossbred goat is higher than the previous value published from this laboratory.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.862-868
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• 2016

Goats (Capra hircus) are one of the oldest species of domesticated animals. Native Korean goats are a particularly interesting group, as they are indigenous to the area and were raised in the Korean peninsula almost 2,000 years ago. Although they have a small body size and produce low volumes of milk and meat, they are quite resistant to lumbar paralysis. Our study aimed to reveal the distinct genetic features and patterns of selection in native Korean goats by comparing the genomes of native Korean goat and crossbred goat populations. We sequenced the whole genome of 15 native Korean goats and 11 crossbred goats using next-generation sequencing (Illumina platform) to compare the genomes of the two populations. We found decreased nucleotide diversity in the native Korean goats compared to the crossbred goats. Genetic structural analysis demonstrated that the native Korean goat and cross-bred goat populations shared a common ancestry, but were clearly distinct. Finally, to reveal the native Korean goat's selective sweep region, selective sweep signals were identified in the native Korean goat genome using cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) and a cross-population composite likelihood ratio test (XP-CLR). As a result, we were able to identify candidate genes for recent selection, such as the CCR3 gene, which is related to lumbar paralysis resistance. Combined with future studies and recent goat genome information, this study will contribute to a thorough understanding of the native Korean goat genome.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.316-320
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• 2001

Sixteen growing crossbred Anglo-Nubian goats, 10-12 months old, pre-experimental average body weights of $18.3{\pm}0.28kg$ were randomly allotted to four diets to investigate the efficiency of utilisation of diets containing increasing levels of desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM) in the tropical environment of Samoa, South Pacific region. The four diets were designated as 1, 2, 3 and 4. Diet 1 that has no DCWM served as the control, while diets 2, 3 and contained different levels of DCWM. Voluntary concentrate intake, growth rate, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility coefficients were measured. Gross energy (GE) and organic matter (OM) values of the diets increased linearly with increase in the levels of DCWM in the diets. Voluntary concentrate intake decreased with increasing proportion of DCWM in the diets. Forage intake increased with increase in the levels of DCWM diets offered to the growing goats. Total voluntary feed intakes were statistical significant (p<0.05) and the goats on diet 4 had the least intake followed by those on diet 3. Goats an diets 1 and 2 were different in total feed intake but not at a significant level (p>0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) followed the trend of voluntary concentrate intake and daily live weight gains. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly different (p<0.05) among the goats offered the different diets. DMD improved with increasing levels of DCWM. The goats accepted all, the diets that were compounded with the different levels of dried DCWM and this seems to suggest that DCWM have no deleterious effects. However, the best level at which dried DCWM could replace brewers dried grains in the diets of growing goats is at 38.5% (diet II). Based on voluntary feed intake, live-weight gain and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients of the goats it could be concluded that DCWM based diets merits further attention as a locally available feed source in ruminants nutrition in the Pacific Island countries where feed availability is seasonal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.504-508
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• 2002

The effects of fetal number (single or twin) on blood glucose and plasma NEFA during pregnancy and around parturition were studied on ten Alpine ${\times}$ Beetal crossbred goats in their first to third lactation. The animals were divided in-groups 1(carrying single fetus, n=4) and 2(twin fetus, n=6). The samples were drawn on day1 after estrus and then at 14 days interval (fortnight) for 10 fortnights. Around parturition the samples were taken on days -20, -15, -10, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1 prior to kidding and on day 0 and +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +10, +15, +20 days post kidding. In twin bearing goats the blood glucose concentration continued to increase from 1st until 4th fortnight and thereafter gradually decline from 5th upto 8th fortnight. In single bearing goats there was increase in levels from 2nd upto 4th fortnight and thereafter it declined from 5th uptill 9th fortnight. The difference in sampling interval was highly significant (p<0.01) in both the groups. However the values were higher in single than in twin bearing goats. The plasma NEFA concentration was low in both the groups' upto 4th fortnight and thereafter it is continuously increased upto 9th fortnight. During prepartum period the blood glucose was higher in single than in twin bearing goats. The values were minimum on the day of kidding in both the groups. During postpartum period the values were significantly (p<0.01) higher in twin than in single fetus bearing goats. The plasma NEFA was significantly (p<0.05) higher in twin than in single fetus bearing goats. The blood glucose and plasma NEFA concentration can be used as index of nutritional status during pregnancy and around parturition in goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.963-967
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• 2002

Eighteen crossbred goats were selected from the Institute's goat herd to determine the changes in hormones, blood metabolites and yield and composition of milk during lactation. The blood and milk samples were collected from each goat in a heparinized vacutainer tubes at fortnightly interval for a period of 150 days. In milk samples, fat, protein and lactose contents were estimated while in blood plasma hormones viz., prolactin, GH, cortisol, insulin, $T_4$ and $T_3$ were measured using radioimmunoassay methods. The plasma concentration of prolactin, GH and cortisol were high during early lactation when the goats acquired peak milk yield. During remainder of lactation their concentration varied. The high NEFA concentration during early lactation indicated mobilization of body reserves as the body weights also decrease during early lactation. However, with the advancement of lactation, the body weights of the goats and the concentration of NEFA declined which indicated utilization of NEFA for energy yielding purposes in addition to fatty acid synthesis. The ambient temperatures did not influence plasma concentration of prolactin, GH, insulin, $T_3$ and $T_4$ during the lactation cycle. The fat content of milk varied significantly (p<0.01) but protein and lactose content of milk remains unchanged during different stages of lactation. Growth hormone was positively correlated with insulin (p<0.05) during lactation while prolactin had a positive correlation with lactose and plasma NEFA (p<0.01) and negative correlation with $T_3$ (p<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1007-1011
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships that discriminate between Korean native black goat populations (Dangjin, Jangsu, Tongyoung, and Gyeongsang National University strains) and crossbred goats. Monomorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in each strain were collected, and 133 common SNPs were selected for analysis. These 133 monomorphic SNPs showed differences in the genetic structure of the Korean native black goat and crossbred goats, and results from the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the two can be clearly separated. Furthermore, analysis of the validation population comprising 70 individuals (Korean native black goats, n = 24; crossbred goats, n = 46) with the reference population showed that Korean native black goat strains and the reference population have the same genetic structure, and the crossbred goats shared only part of the genetic structure with the reference population. The result of the PCA analysis showed that the Korean native black goat strains form one population, whereas the foreign strains form another population which is more widely dispersed than the Korean native black goat strains. Thus, the results from this study can be used as baseline data for the conservation of genetic resources of Korean native black goat communities through utilization of monomorphic SNPs and for the introduction of exotic species for further improvement in genetic diversity. This study can also help reduce unnecessary inbreeding and gene flow between native strains.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 2021

Objective: Supplemental nitrate is known to be an effective tool to mitigate methane emission by ruminants. Based on theoretical considerations, supplemental nitrate can improve but also deteriorate the growth performance. The overall effect of supplemental nitrate on growth performance, however, is not yet known. The objective of the current study was therefore to evaluate the effect of a higher dose of NO3- on overall growth performance when feeding either Pangola grass hay or rice straw. Methods: Thirty-two crossbred, 3-month-old Thai native×Anglo-Nubian crossbred male goats were used. The experiment had a 2×2 factorial design with an experimental period of 60 days. Eight goats were randomly allocated to each dietary treatment, i.e. a ration containing either Pangola hay (Digitaria eriantha Steud) or rice straw (Oryza Sativa) as a source of roughage, supplemented with a concentrate containing either 3.2% or 4.8% potassium nitrate. The rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous. The animals were weighed at the start of the experiment and at days 30 and 60. Feces were collected during the last five days of each 30-day period. Results: High-nitrate increased overall DM intake by approximately 3%, irrespective the source of roughage, but only the goats fed a rice straw-based ration responded with an increase in body weight (BW). Thus, the overall feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg BW gain) was influenced by roughage source ×nitrate and decreased by almost 60% when the goats were fed rice straw in combination with a high versus a low dietary nitrate content. The digestibility of macronutrients was only affected by the source of roughage and the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fibre was greater when the goats were fed Pangola hay. Conclusion: It was concluded that the replacement of soybean meal by nitrate improves the growth performance of meat goats fed rations based on rice straw, but not Pangola hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1263-1266
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some production factors on commercial production of Etawah Crossbred Goats (ECG) of Inpres Desa Tertinggal member groups (AKIDT) at Krasak, Pandansari, Brajan, and Kragilan villages in Boyolali regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The study was from February to April 2000. Eighty respondents of AKIDT were selected by simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using Cobb Douglas Production Function. The results showed that ECG production simultaneously were highly significant (p<0.01) influenced by amount of feed consumed (kg TDN/year, $x_1$), number of does of ECG (Animal Unit/year, $x_2$), number of kids and does/ barn/year (Animal Unit/year, $x_3$), labor use (man-days/year, $x_4$) and work capital (US$/year, $x_5$) with $R^2= 0.6568$. In addition, ECG production was partially influenced by $x_2$, $x_3$ and $x_5$ (p<0.01) and $x_1$ (p<0.05), but not significant (p>0.05) by $x_4$. Technically, production factors of $x_1$, $x_2$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ had reached technique efficiency (0$x_1$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ did not showed efficiency (Ep<1) and $x_2$ was not efficient yet.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.181-186
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• 2020

This study examined the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats from a farmhouse using frozen semen. Electrostimulation was used to ejaculate and collect semen to assess the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats. The sperm concentration, vitality, and vitality after melting were investigated. The sperm volume was within 2.5~3 ml, and the concentration was 21~25 × 10⁸/ml for each male crossbred goat. The melted semen had high vitality (≥90%). An IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit was used for an earlier diagnosis of the pregnancy and to determine the pregnancy rate of fertilization using frozen-thawed semen. The reproductive performance of the artificially fertilized crossbred goats had the highest delivery rate (68%) from Farm C and the lowest delivery rate (45%) from farm A. The delivery rate through artificial fertilization was equal to the fertilization rate according to early pregnancy diagnostic kits. The artificial insemination efficiency was 45~68%. These findings can be used as the basis for improvement and breeding goats in goat farms and livestock research institutes.