• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1997

It is not clearly known how surface defects or inclusions of a medium carbon steel affect a fatigue strength. In this study, we used SM35C specimens with spheroidized cementite structure to eliminate dependence of micro structure of fatigue crack. The investigation was carried out by behavior of crack closure at non-propagation crack and effect of the fatigue limit according to the artificial defects size. Experimental findings are obtained as follows : (1) Fatigue crack initiation point of medium carbon steel with spheroidized cementite structure is at the surface defects. (2) Non-propagating crack length of smooth specimen is equal to the critical size of defect. (3) Considering the opening and closure behavior of fatigue crack, the defect shape results in various crack opening displacement, while it does not affects the fatigue limit level of medium carbon steel with spheroidized cementite structure. (4) The critical length of the non-propagation crack of smooth specimen is the same as critical size of defect in transient area which determines threshold condition in steel with spheroidized cementite structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of hydrological factors on critical durations, and to analyze the relationship between the watershed characteristics and the critical duration of design rainfall in the medium sized catchments. Hydrological factors are used to return period, probable intensity formula, hydrograph method, effective rainfall and temporal pattern of design rainfall. Hydrologic analysis has done over the 44 medium sized catchments with $50{\sim}5,000{\beta}{\yen}$. Watershed characteristics such as catchment area, channel length, channel slope, catchment slope, time to peak, concentration of time and curve number were used to simulate correlation analysis. All of hydrological factors except return period influence to the critical duration of design rainfall. Also, it is revealed that critical duration is influenced by the watershed characteristics such as area, channel length, channel slope and catchment slope. Multiple regression analysis using watershed characteristics is carried out for the estimation of relationship among these. And the 7 type equations are proposed by the multiple regression using watershed characteristics and critical duration of design rainfall. The determination coefficient of multiple regression equations shows $0.96{\sim}0.97$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 1983

Intersection control has dual-purposes; increasing capacity and reducing delay. The primary concern of efficient intersection control under oversaturated condition as in Korea is to increase capacity. Prevailing intersection operation technique permits thru traffic to utilize left turn lane, because the intersection without left turn pocket has left turn signal interval. In this situation, it seems not to be valid to calculate capacity, delay, and signal timings by conventional methods. By critical lane technique, capacity increases as cycle length increases. However, when thru traffic utilize LT lane, the capacity varies according to LT volume, LT interval as well as cycle length, which implies that specific cycle length and LT interval exist to maximize capacity for given LT volume. The study is designed is designed to calculate utilization factors of LT lane for thru traffic and capacities, and identify signal timings to yield maximum capacity. The experimental design involved has 3 variables; 1)LT volumes at each approach(20-300 vph), 2)cycle lengths (60-220 sec), and 3)LT intervals(2.6-42 sec) for one scenario of isolated intersection crossing two 6-lanes streets. For LT volume of 50-150 vph, capacity calculated by using the utilization factor is about 25% higher than that by critical lane method. The range of optimum cycle length to yield maximum capapcity for LT volume less than 120 vph is 140-180 sec, and increases as LT volume increases. The optimum LT interval to yield maximum capacity is longer than the intrval necessary to accommodate LT volume at saturation flow rate.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-78
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• 2012

Although the effect of corrosion of reinforcing bar on the shear behavior of the reinforced concrete (RC) beam had been simulated by tests of the beam with unbonded, half-exposed or whole-exposed tensile steel reinforcements as well as defective stirrup anchorages, theoretical methods to accurately predict remaining capacity of this kind of RC beams, especially shear capacity, are still lacking. Considering the possible position of the critical inclined crack, the actual pattern of strains in the concrete body within the partial length and the proposed compatibility condition of deformations of the RC beam, shear strength of the RC beam with unbonded or exposed tensile steel reinforcements and/or defective stirrup anchorages is predicted. Comparison between the model's predictions with the experimental results published in the literature shows the practicability of the proposed model. Influence of the length of unbonded or exposed tensile steel reinforcements and the percentage of stirrups lacked end anchorages on the shear strength of the RC beam is discussed. It is concluded that, the shear strength of the RC beam with unbonded or exposed tensile steel reinforcements and/or defective stirrup anchorages is greatly influenced by the length of unbonded or exposed tensile steel reinforcements and the percentage of stirrups lacked end anchorages, this influence can be adverse, insignificant or even favourable, dependent on the given parameters of the corresponding normal bonded RC beam.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 2020

This paper deal with the critical fluid velocity response of nanocomposite pipe conveying fluid based on numerical method. The pressure of fluid is obtained based on perturbation method. The motion equations are derived based on classical shell theory, energy method and Hamilton's principle. The shell is reinforced by nanoparticles and the distribution of them are functionally graded (FG). The mixture rule is applied for obtaining the equivalent material properties of the structure. Differential quadrature method (DQM) is utilized for solution of the motion equations in order to obtain the critical fluid velocity. The effects of different parameters such asCNT nanoparticles volume percent, boundary conditions, thickness to radius ratios, length to radius ratios and internal fluid are presented on the critical fluid velocity response structure. The results show that with increasing the CNT nanoparticles, the critical fluid velocity is increased. In addition, FGX distribution of nanoparticles is the best choice for reinforcement.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.72-79
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• 2002

The effects of carbon black on the critical J-value and the surface fracture morpology of the carbon-black filled natural rubbers were investigated. Different kinds of carbon blacks resulted in different critical J-values, surface, and roughness. It was noticed that the critical J-value was almost the same regardless of the length of a pre-crack. In addition, different kinds of carbon blacks resulted in different fracture morphologies, and micro-scale and macro-scale roughnesses. The critical J-value could be linearly expressed by the micro-scale roughness and the macro-scale roughness and it seemed related to the size distribution of carbon black particles. And we also found that the macro-scale ms roughness was more sensitive than the micro-scale ms roughness to the critical J-value by the result of correlation coefficient, r$^2$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1301-1312
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to propose a critical storm duration forecasting model on storm runoff in small river basin. The critical storm duration data of 582 sub-basin which introduced disaster impact assessment report on the National Emergency Management Agency during the period from 2004 to 2007 were collected, analyzed and studied. The stepwise multiple regression method are used to establish critical storm duration forecasting models(Linear and exponential type). The results of multiple regression analysis discriminated the linear type more than exponential type. The results of multiple linear regression analysis between the critical storm duration and 5 basin characteristics parameters such as basin area, main stream length, average slope of main stream, shape factor and CN showed more than 0.75 of correlation in terms of the multi correlation coefficient.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.753-758
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• 2011

Magnetic field and Electric field of High Temperature Superconducting magnet are very important to analysis of superconducting magnet. The maximum perpendicular magnetic field was applied to the outermost pancake windings. The critical current of all the magnet windings is limited by the critical current of the outermost pancake windings. The E-J relation was used to determine the critical current, and an evolution s trategy was adopted for the optimization of gap length between each pancake windins. The results of calculations show that the critical current and the central magnetic field and uniformity increased by 82.6% and 31.6% and 50.8%, respectively, for a magnet consisting of ten pancake windings. This paper did an analysis the cause of increase the critical current and central magnetic field and uniformity in no gap and optimal gap model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.593-598
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• 2000

In this paper the critical speed analysis and design sensitivity investigation are carried out with an APU(auxiliary power unit) gas turbine having a spline shaft connection. The DDM(direct differential method) is directly applied to formulate the critical speed design sensitivity problem of a general nonsymmetric-matrix rotor-bearing system. The design sensitivity analysis have shown that the critical speed change rate to the support modeling of the spline shaft connection point is extremely negligible, and thereby its design uncertainty is lifted. It has also been confirmed that the critical speeds up to the 4th are not sensitive to the design stiffness coefficients of 4-main bearings or supports, including two air foil bearings. Further, the critical speed change rate to the shaft-element length have shown quantitatively that the spline shaft has some limited influence on the 4th critical speed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1-2
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• 2009

The high critical current ($I_c$, A) of SmBCO coated conductor in a magnetic field, the high production rate and the high material yield are promising for applications. The inhomogeneity of Ie at the long length coated conduct is very important problem for electric application. So we researched the reason of inhomogeneity of $I_c$ at long length tape prepared by batch type co-evaporation system called by EDDC. The long length SmBCO coated conductors were developed on $LaMnO_3/IBAD-MgO/Y_2O_3/Al_2O_3$/Hastelloy C276 template. The distribution of $I_c$ are from 0 to 397 A/cm at 77 K and self field. We have studied the microstructures of these films by using SEM, EDS and X-ray diffraction. The XRD and composition by EDS results of SmBCO film reveals subtle difference. But, the microscopic observation by SEM show the microcrack at the sample with low $I_c$.