• Advances in materials Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2023

In this paper, fracture analysis of a continuously inhomogeneous arch structure with two longitudinal cracks is developed in terms of the time-dependent strain energy release rate. The arch under consideration exhibits non-linear creep behavior. The cross-section of the arch is a rectangle. The material is continuously inhomogeneous along the thickness of the cross-section. The arch is loaded by two bending moments applied at its end sections. The mechanical behavior of the material is described by using a non-linear stress-strain-time relationship. The two longitudinal cracks are located symmetrically with respect to the mid-span of the arch. Due to the symmetry, only half of the arch is considered. Time-dependent solutions to strain energy release rate are obtained by analyzing the balance of the energy. For verification, time-dependent solutions to the strain energy release rate are derived also by considering the time-dependent complementary strain energy. The evolution of the strain energy release rate with the time is analyzed. The effects of material inhomogeneity, locations of the two cracks along the thickness of the arch and the magnitude of the external loading on the time-dependent strain energy release rate are evaluated.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.134-153
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• 1988

This paper was carried out to investigate the existence of a unique stress- strain behavior by obtaining some factors influencing the time dependent stress- strain behavior of clay. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The relationship between stress ratro and strain in normally consolidated clay was in- dependent on pre-shear consolidation pressure. Therefore, shear strain could be expressed as a function with stress ratio. 2. The constitutive equation of shear strain on Modified Carn Clay Model coincided better with the observed value than Cam Clay Model. 3. The relationships between deviator stress and shear strain, between pore water pressure and shear strain were unified by the mean equivalent pressure. 4. The shear strain contour in norrnally consolidated clay was increased linearly through origin, but that in overconsolidated clay was not in accordance with the result of the former. 5. Because the effective stress path of normally consolidated clay was unified by the mean equivalent pressure, state boundary surface in (e,p,q) space was transformed into two dimensional surface. But it was considered to be suitable that the unified stress- strain in overconsolidated clay be expressed by a function with overconsolidation ratio. 6. The deviator for constant strain was increased linearly with increment of strain rate ($\varepsilon$) on semi-log scale, but pore water pressure was decreased. 7. The behavior of stress relaxation was transformed from linear to curvilinear with inc - rement of strain rate before stress relaxation test, and pore water pressure was increased in total range. 8. The strain of creep was increased linearly with increment of time on semi-log scale. The greater the strain rate before creep test became, the greater the increment of strain of creep became. And the pore water pressure during creep test was increased generally with increment of time on semi-log scale.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2021

P91 steel has been a highly researched material because of its applicability for high-temperature applications. Considerable efforts have been made to produce experimental creep data and develop models for creep life prediction. As creep tests are expensive and difficult to conduct, it is vital to develop authenticated empirical methods from experimental results that can be utilized for better understanding of creep behavior and can be incorporated into computational models for reliable prediction of creep life. In this research, a series of creep rupture tests are performed on the P91 specimens within a stress range of 155 MPa to 200 MPa and temperature range of 640 ℃ (913 K) to 675 ℃ (948 K). The microstructure, hardness, and fracture surfaces of the specimens are investigated. To analyze the results of the creep rupture tests at a macro level, a parameter called creep work density is derived. Then, the relationships between various creep parameters such as strain, strain rate, time to rupture, creep damage tolerance factor, and creep work density are investigated, and various empirical equations are obtained.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1570-1578
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• 2022

During a severe accident, steam generator (SG) tubes undergo rapid changes in the pressure and temperature. Therefore, an appropriate creep model to predict a short term creep damage is essential. In this paper, a novel creep model for Alloy 690 SG tube material was proposed. It is based on the theta (θ) projection method that can represent all three stages of the creep process. The original θ projection method poses a limitation owing to its inability to represent experimental creep curves for SG tube materials for a large strain rate in the tertiary creep region. Therefore, a new modified θ projection method is proposed; subsequently, a master curve for Alloy 690 SG material is also proposed to optimize the creep model parameters, θ_i (i = 1-5). To adapt the implicit creep scheme to the finite element code, a partial derivative of incremental creep with respect to the stress is necessary. Accordingly, creep model parameters with a strictly linear relationship with the stress and temperature were proposed. The effectiveness of the model was validated using a commercial finite element analysis software. The creep model can be applied to evaluate the creep rupture behavior of SG tubes in nuclear power plants.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

In this study, the influence of thermal aging on structural integrity is investigated for Gr. 91 steel. A commercial grade Gr. 91 steel is used for the virgin material, and service-exposed Gr. 91 steel is sampled from a steam pipe of a super critical plant. Time versus creep strain curves are obtained through creep tests with various stress levels at 600 ℃ for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, respectively. Based on the creep test results, the improved Omega model is characterized for describing the total creep strain curve for both Gr. 91 steels. The proposed parameters for creep deformation model are used for predicting the steady-state creep strain rate, creep rupture curve, and stress relaxation. Creep-fatigue damage is evaluated for the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in a large-scale sodium test facility of STELLA-2 by using creep deformation model with proposed creep parameters and creep rupture curve for both Gr. 91 steels. Based on the comparison results of creep fatigue damage for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, the thermal aging effect has been shown to be significant.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1993

A constitutive model is proposed to analyze creep densification and grain growth of ceramic powder compacts. The creep strain rates for powder compacts are obtained from constitutive equations proposed by Rahaman et al. and Helle et al. The grain-growth rate is obtained by assuming time, grain size, and strain rate as its internal state variables. the proposed constitutive model is compared with experimental data for alumina compacts obtained by Venkatachari and Raj for sinter forging and by Son et al. for hot pressing.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1995-2001
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• 2001

In this study, a small punch creep(SP-Creep) test using miniaturized specimen(10${\times}$10${\times}$0.5mm) is described to develop the new creep test method for high temperature structural materials. The SP-Creep test is applied to 2.25Cr-lMo(STBA24) steel which is widely used as boiler tube material. The test temperatures applied for the creep deformation of miniaturized specimens are between 550∼600$^{\circ}C$. The SP-Creep curves depend definitely on applied load and creep temperature, and show the three stages of creep behavior like in conventional uniaxial tensile creep curves. The load exponent of miniaturized specimen decreases with increasing test temperature, and its behavior is similar to stress exponent behavior of uniaxial creep test. The creep activation energy obtained from the relationship between SP-Creep rate and test temperature decreases as the applied load increases. A predicting equation or SP-Creep rate for 2.25Cr-lMo steel is suggested. and a good agreement between experimental and calculated data has been found.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2020

High-temperature mechanical behaviors of Type 316L stainless steel (SS), which is considered as one of the major structural materials of Generation-IV nuclear reactors, were investigated through the tension and creep tests at elevated temperatures. The tension tests were performed under the strain rate of 6.67×10^-4 (1/s) from room temperature to 650℃, and the creep tests were conducted under different applied stresses at 550℃, 600℃, 650℃, and 700℃. The tensile behavior was investigated, and the modeling equations for tensile strengths and elongation were proposed as a function of temperature. The creep behavior was analyzed in terms of various creep equations: Norton's power law, modified Monkman-Grant relation, damage tolerance factor(λ), and Z-parameter, and the creep constants were proposed. In addition, the tested tensile and creep strengths were compared with those of RCC-MRx. Results showed that creep exponent value decreased from n=13.55 to n=7.58 with increasing temperature, λ = 6.3, and Z-parameter obeyed well a power-law form of Z=5.79E52(σ/E)^9.12. RCC-MRx showed lower creep strength and marginally different in creep strain rate, compared to the tested results. Same creep deformation was operative for dislocation movement regardless of the temperatures.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1992

Zr-4 used for a cladding and an end plug of reactor component has creep deformation under operation at high temperature. Creep is regarded as the time dependent deformation of a material under constant applied stress. Although the major source of the deformation of zirconium component in water-cooled reactors is irradiation creep, the thermal creep may give a rise to significant deformation in reactor component especially at relatively high temperatures and at various constant stresses, and therefore it must be predicted accurately. Stress relaxation is the time dependent change of stress at constant strain and it is a process related intimately to creep. In this paper, the creep behavior and stress relaxation of Zr-4 is examined at the temperature of 50$0^{\circ}C$ that is 40% of the absolute melting temperature of Zr-4 under the stress below yield stress and under the various constant strains. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) With an increase of stress, the steady state creep rate increases and the creep rupture time decreases. 2) The steady state creep rate $\varepsilon$(%/s) for the stress $\sigma$sub(c) (kgf/mm super(2)) of Zr-4 increases outstandingly. All the empirical equations computed for Zr-4 increases outstandingly. All the empirical equations computed for Zr-4 are in accord with Norton's model equation($\varepsilon$=K$\sigma$ sub(c) super (n)). The constants of materials computed are as follows: K=3.9881$\times$10 super(-5), n=1.9608 3) The rupture time T sub(r) (hr) decreases linearly with the increase of stress on the log-log scaled graph. The empirical equations computed for Zr-4 are in accord with Bailey's model equation (T sub(r)=K sub(1)$\sigma$sub(c) super(m)). The constants of materials computed are as follows: K sub(1)=1.2875$\times$10 super(16), m=-3.467 4) It seems clear that the strain could be quantitatively dependent on the high temperature creep properties such as creep stress, rupture time, steady state creep rate and total creep rate. It is found that these relationships are linear on the log-log graph. 5) In stress relaxation test, as the critical constant strain that can be allowed to the specimen is larger, stress relaxation becomes more rapid, and as the constant strain is smaller, the stress relaxation becomes slower.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2006년도 공동학술대회 논문집
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• pp.195-200
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• 2006

실내실험을 통해 미고결 셰일의 압밀은 시간 의존적 비복원 점성변형임을 보였다. 점소성 이론과 Cam-clay 이론을 접목하여 미고결 셰일의 구성방정식이 동항복/정항복면의 크기에 대한 지수함수의 형태로 주어짐을 보였으며 이를 통해 크립 변형은 시간에 대한 로그함수의 형태로 구해짐을 보였다. 실험자료와 이론을 비교하여 구성방정식의 물질상수를 규명한 결과 셰일의 항복점은 변형속도가 10배 증가함에 따라 약 6%의 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 이는 실내 변형속도 조건에서 규명한 셰일의 물성(항복점, 공극률)을 실제 현장 변형속도 조건에 적용시에 상당한 오차를 유발할 수 있음을 시사한다.