• 열처리공학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2010

Modified 9Cr-1Mo steels possess excellent high-temperature mechanical properties and are widely used in energy conversion industries. However, in-service materials degradation, such as softening, carbide-induced embrittlement, temper embrittlement, etc., can take place during long-term operation. Evolution of microstructure due to service exposure to high temperature has a strong effect on the performance of heat resistant steels. In case of modified 9Cr-1Mo steels, precipitation of $Fe_2Mo$-type laves phases and coarsening of $M_{23}C_6$-type carbides are the primary cause of degradation of mechanical properties such as toughness, hardness, tensile strength and creep resistance. This study was aimed at finding reliable parameter for assessing the integrity of modified 9Cr-1Mo steels. Characteristic parameters were attained between mechanical and ultrasonic properties.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2019

The long-term settlement characteristics for the cast-in-place bored pile in the deep-thick soft soil are investigated by post-grouting field tests. Six cast-in-place bored engineering piles and three cast-in-place bored test piles are installed to study the long-term settlement characteristics. Three post-grouting methods (i.e., post-tip-grouting, post-side-grouting, and tip and side post-grouting) are designed and carried out by field tests. Results of the local test show that decreased settlements for the post-side-grouted pile, the post-tip-grouted pile and the tip and side post-grouted pile are 22.2%~25.8%, 30.10%~35.98% and 32.40%~35.50%, respectively, compared with non-grouted piles. The side friction resistance for non-grouted piles, post-side-grouted pile, post-tip-grouted pile and the tip and side post-grouted pile undertakes 89.6~91.3%, 94.6%, 92.4%~93.0%, 95.7% of the total loading, respectively. At last, the parameters back analysis method and numerical calculation are adopted to predict the long-term settlement characteristics of the cast-in-place bored pile in the deep-thick soft soil. Determined Bulk modulus (K) and a creep parameter (Ks) are used for the back analysis of the long-term settlement of the post-grouted pile. The settlement difference between the back analysis and the measurement data is about 1.11%-7.41%. Long-term settlement of the post-grouted piles are predicted by the back analysis method, and the predicted results show that the settlement of the post-grouted pile are less than 6 mm and will be stable in 30 days.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.1549-1559
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• 2022

As an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) concept, oxide dispersion strengthened Zircaloy-4 (ODS Zry-4) cladding has been developed to enhance the mechanical properties of cladding using laser processing technology. In this study, a simulation technique was established to investigate the mechanical properties and effects of Y₂O₃ particles for the ODS Zry-4. A 3D representative volume element (RVE) model was developed considering the parameters of the size, shape, distribution and volume fraction (VF) of the Y₂O₃ particles. From the 3D RVE model, the Young's modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and creep strain rate of the ODS Zry-4 were effectively calculated. It was observed that the VF of Y₂O₃ particles had a significant effect on the aforementioned mechanical properties. In addition, the predicted properties of ODS Zry-4 were applied to a simulation model to investigate cladding deformation under a transient condition. The ODS Zry-4 cladding showed better performance, such as a delay in large deformation compared to Zry-4 cladding, which was also found experimentally. Accordingly, it is expected that the simulation approach developed here can be efficiently employed to predict more properties and to provide useful information with which to improve ODS Zry-4.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.599-612
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• 2014

This paper presents the effects of the construction stages using time dependent material properties on the structural behaviour of concrete arch dams. For this purpose, a double curvature Type-5 arch dam suggested in "Arch Dams" symposium in England in 1968 is selected as a numerical example. Finite element models of Type-5 arch dam are modelled using SAP2000 program. Geometric nonlinearity is taken into consideration in the construction stage analysis using P-Delta plus large displacement criterion. In addition, the time dependent material strength variations and geometric variations are included in the analysis. Elasticity modulus, creep and shrinkage are computed for different stages of the construction process. In the construction stage analyses, a total of 64 construction stages are included. Each stage has generally $6000m^3$ concrete volume. Total duration is taken into account as 1280 days. Maximum total step and maximum iteration for each step are selected as 200 and 50, respectively. The structural behaviour of the arch dam at different construction stages has been examined. Two different finite element analyses cases are performed. In the first case, construction stages using time dependent material properties are considered. In the second case, only linear static analysis (not considered construction stages) is taken into account. Variation of the displacements and stresses are obtained from the both analyses. It is highlighted that construction stage analysis using time dependent material strength variations and geometric variations has an important effect on the structural behaviour of arch dams. The maximum longitudinal, transverse and vertical displacements obtained from construction stages and static analyses are 1.35 mm and 0 mm; -8.44 and 6.68 mm; -4.00 and -9.90 mm, respectively. In addition, vertical displacements increase from the base to crest of the dam for both analyses. The maximum S11, S22 and S33 stresses are obtained as 1.60MPa and 2.84MPa; 1.39MPa and 2.43MPa; 0.60MPa and 0.50MPa, respectively. The differences between maximum longitudinal, transverse, and vertical stresses obtained from construction stage and static analyses are 78%, 75%, and %17, respectively. On the other hand, there is averagely 12% difference between minimum stresses for all three directions.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.694-701
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• 2018

FRP-보강근 콘크리트 부재들은 FRP-보강근이 철근에 비해 낮은 탄성계수와 부착강도를 갖고 있어 철근콘크리트 부재에 비해 과도한 균열폭의 가능성이 클 수 있다. 따라서 외국의 기준들에서는 FRP-보강근 콘크리트 부재의 균열제어를 위하여 허용균열폭의 제한규정을 두고 있는데, ACI 440.1R-15 설계지침에서는 최대 보강근 간격으로 제어하는 간접적인 방법으로 제안하고 있다. 그러나 제안식은 아직까지 장기하중이 균열폭에 미치는 시간종속적인 효과를 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 장방형단면뿐만 아니라 T형단면의 FRP-보강근 콘크리트 보를 대상으로 장기실험을 통하여 얻어진 실험결과를 바탕으로 단면형태별 균열폭 특성을 구분하여 파악하므로 써 장기균열폭 예측모델을 제안하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 따라서 단면형태별로 각각 한 개씩 의 철근콘크리트 비교시험체를 포함한 4개의 장방형보와 4개의 T형 보로 구성된 총 8개의 시험체를 제작하여 시공하중의 영향을 고려한 1년간 4점 가력 장기휨실험을 수행하였다. 결과로서 시간종속적인 영향을 받는 순수장기균열폭은 철근 시험체에 비해 보강근의 탄성계수가 낮은 GFRP나 AFRP-보강근 시험체에서는 2.6~3.0배 증가하였으나 CFRP-보강근 시험체에서는 1.1~1.4배 증가에 그쳤다. 또한 즉시균열폭을 포함한 총장기균열폭은 장방형단면과 T형단면 시험체에서 평균적으로 각각 즉시균열폭의 약 2.4와 3.1배 증가를 보여주어 보수적으로 각각 2.5와 3.5의 시간종속계수를 구분하여 제안하였다.