• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.477-485
• /
• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.418-420
• /
• 1989

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.110-119
• /
• 1994

대상방목 체계하에서 Lolium perenne초생의 채식 허용량을 3 수준으로 달리 하여 고능력 착유우에 의한 방목시험으로부터 얻은 채식량과 산유량을 조사하여 얻을 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 채식된 사포로부터 배설된 분증질소, 크롬 및 회분 함량은 시험시기가 늦을수록, 채식허용량이 낮을수록 약간 감소되는 경향이었다. 시험시기별 채식 허용량의 수준에 따른 채식초의 소화율은 시험시기 1의 82.7%에서 시험시기 3의 79.1%로 감소하였고, 고수준의 채식허용량일 때 81.6%에서 저수준일 때 79.9%로 감소하였다. 일당 채식량은 고와 중 수준의 채식허용량에서 15.8과15.9kg OM/cow로 비슷한 수준이었으나 저수준에서는 14.6 kg OM/cow로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 시험시기별 채식량은 시험시기가 늦을수록 감소하는 경향이었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 일당 4%유지방 보정 산유량은 시험시기 1의 23.6kg OM/cow에서 시험시기 3에서는 20.6kg OM/cow로 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 채식허용량의 수준에 따른 일당 산유량은 고와 중 수준일 때 각각 23.5와 22.2kg OM/cow로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 채식허용량의 수준과 채식량(r=0.88)및 산유량(r=0.81)간에 고도(p<0.01)의 정의 상관관계가 인정되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권8호
• /
• pp.1093-1098
• /
• 2017

Objective: The aim of the current study was to describe the relationship between milk yield and lactation number, stage, length and milking frequency in Korean Holstein dairy cows using an automatic milking system (AMS). Methods: The original data set consisted of observations from April to October 2016 of 780 Holstein cows, with a total of 10,751 milkings. Each time a cow was milked by an AMS during the 24 h, the AMS management system recorded identification numbers of the AMS unit, the cow being milking, date and time of the milking, and milk yield (kg) as measured by the milk meters installed on each AMS unit, date and time of the lactation, lactation stage, milking frequency (NoM). Lactation stage is defined as the number of days milking per cows per lactation. Milk yield was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS and was added to 1 record per cow and trait for each milking. Milking frequency was measured the number of milkings per cow per 24 hour. Results: From the study results, a significant relationship was found between the milk yield and lactation number (p<0.001), with the maximum milk yield occurring in the third lactation cows. We recorded the highest milk yield, in a greater lactation length period of early stage (55 to 90 days) at a $4{\times}$ milking frequency/d, and the lowest milk yield was observed in the later stage (>201 days) of cows. Also, milking frequency had a significant influence on milk yield (p<0.001) in Korean Holstein cows using AMS. Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of these factors such as lactation number, stage, length, and milking frequency associated with increasing milk yield using AMS will help guide future recommendations to producers for maximizing milk yield in Korean Dairy industries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권9호
• /
• pp.1235-1238
• /
• 2000

Thirty-six Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the effect of a rumen protected methionine supplement (RPMet). The cows were divided into two groups of 18 each (control/experimental). The experimental group was given 15 g/d of RPMet (Mepron $^{(R)}$M85, Degussa) from the 4th to the 26th week postpartum. All cows were fed a similar amount of forage including alfalfa silage, corn silage and timothy silage. Concentrate mixture was offered in proportion to the milk yield of each cow. Sufficiency of major metabolizable AAs was checked. Milk yield and milk composition was monitored for each individual cow. A metabolic profile test (MPT) was carried out at the 7th, 11th and 21st week postpartum. Without supplement, both methionine and leucine fell short of the daily requirement. Supplementation with 15 g/d RPMet was calculated to be within a sufficient margin of safety. Milk yield tended to remain higher in the supplemented group than in the controls during supplementation with RPMet. The differences in weekly milk production at the 17th, 18th, 19th and 22nd weeks postpartum were significantly high in the RPMet group (p<0.05). The average 305-d milk yield and the percentages of milk fat, milk protein and solids-not-fat were not affected by the treatment. No differences were observed in either the somatic cell count in the milk or the reproductive status. Judging from MPT, all the cows were in good health during lactation.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2009

Kefir 제품으로부터 분리한 Str. thermophilus LFG를 이용하여 산양유 발효유를 제조하고, 이의 다당체를 이용하기 위하여 발효조건 및 다당체의 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 배양온도에 따른 Str. thermophilus LFG로 제조한 발효물의 CEPS 생산성은 저온$(30-35^{\circ}C)$에서 보다 고온$(40-45^{\circ}C)$배양에서 높았으며, 점도는 우유발효물이 산양유 발효물 비하여 다소 높았지만, CEPS의 생성량은 우유 발효물(4.06-4.46g/L)에서 보다 산양유 발효물(4.74-5.30g/L)에서의 생산성이 높았다. 당류에 따른 CEPS생성량은 무첨가구에 비하여 glucose 3% 첨가구가 14-21%, sucrose 3% 첨가구가 4-16% 상승효과를 보였으며, fructose 3%의 경우는 첨가효과가 나타나지 않았다. 우유 발효물 및 산양유 발효물로부터 분리한 상등백과 CEPS의 전자공여능을 확인한 결과 우유 발효물의 상등액과 CEPS가 산양유 발효물의 상등액과 CEPS 보다 유의적으로 높은 전자공여 효과를 나타내었다. 우유 및 산양유 발효물로부터 CEPS를 각각 분리하여 아미노산의 조성을 비교 분석하였을 때 전체적으로 산양유에서 분리한 CEPS에서 비교적 높은 아미노산 함량을 보였다. 산양유 발효물로부터 분리된 crude exopolysaccharide(CEPS)의 탄수화물함량은 37%, 단백질 함량은 63%이었으며, 구성 당을 분석한 결과, glucose 56.45%, galactose 42.35%, fucose 0.27%(w/w)와 amino sugars로는 galactosamine 1.37%, glucosamine 1.09%를 함유하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 2004

The FTA(Free Trade Agreements) are loading the world trade liberalization. Entering into FTA with Chile on 1 Apr 2004, Korea is trying to tie with Singapore and Japan in FTA. It also has a long-term plan for free-trading with China, USA, ASEAN, Canada and India. The portion of the dairy products imported from Chile, Japan and Singapore is under 1% of total dairy product imports. However, in the long run the conclusion of FTA with dairy product exporting countries such as USA, Australia, New Zealand and Netherlands will give a big impact on the dairy industry with abrupt increment in dairy product imports. Especially, whole and skim milk powder imports which are imported on the high tariff rate expect to increase. Furthermore mixed milk powder(Food preparations of goods and other whey powders) imports which domestic price is higher than world market also will dramatically increase. The milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made the government carry out some policies. Those include slaughtering milking cow(2002) and terminating the dairy farm enterprise and decreasing in milk production(2003). Also the case of artificial insemination by a Hanwoo fertilized egg has increased with the rise of Hanwoo farm price in 2003. By those reason, it is forecasted that the downward trend in the number of cow will be continued in 2004. It is also forecasted that the raw milk production in 2004 will decrease 4.4% compared to last year due to decreasing in the number of milking cow and raw milk collecting quota.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.129-144
• /
• 2021

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many people are increasingly becoming interested in health and environmental issues. Therefore, the sale of vegan or vegetarian products has been increasing over the last few years, as well as interest in non-dairy plant-based milk that can replace cow's milk. Furthermore, the global food industry has developed an interest in such products, considering the recent changes in consumer trends. In Korea, various products are being launched annually due to the increasing interest in non-dairy plant-based milk. However, research with regard to the quality and type of products produced in Korea is still at the preliminary stage when compared to those in the United States and Europe. Therefore, the present review has summarized non-dairy plant-based milk analogues based on the following key aspects. First, the types of non-dairy plant-based milk analogues and their production technologies (in the order of almond milk > cocoa milk > coconut milk > hemp milk > kidney bean milk > oat milk > peanut milk > rice milk, and soy milk). Second, the current status and future prospects for non-dairy plant-based milk analogues. Third, recent trends and future challenges associated with the production and quality improvement of non-dairy plant-based milk analogues. Fourth, the current status and outlook of the non-dairy plant-based milk analogue market in Korea. In conclusion, the present review could provide the food industry with valuable information regarding non-dairy plant-based milk analogues to facilitate the development of related products. Data were obtained from previously published studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권12호
• /
• pp.1774-1783
• /
• 2015

Milk lysozyme is the ubiquitous enzyme in milk of mammals. In this study, the cDNA sequence of a new chicken-type (c-type) milk lysozyme gene (YML), was cloned from yak mammary gland tissue. A 444 bp open reading frames, which encodes 148 amino acids (16.54 kDa) with a signal peptide of 18 amino acids, was sequenced. Further analysis indicated that the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences identities between yak and cow milk lysozyme were 89.04% and 80.41%, respectively. Recombinant yak milk lysozyme (rYML) was produced by Escherichia coli BL21 and Pichia pastoris X33. The highest lysozyme activity was detected for heterologous protein rYML5 (M = 1,864.24 U/mg, SD = 25.75) which was expressed in P. pastoris with expression vector $pPICZ{\alpha}A$ and it clearly inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Result of the YML gene expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the YML gene was up-regulated to maximum at 30 day postpartum, that is, comparatively high YML can be found in initial milk production. The phylogenetic tree indicated that the amino acid sequence was similar to cow kidney lysozyme, which implied that the YML may have diverged from a different ancestor gene such as cow mammary glands. In our study, we suggest that YML be a new c-type lysozyme expressed in yak mammary glands that plays a role as host immunity.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.232-239
• /
• 2016

Recently, research has been focusing on high quality and safer animal production by utilizing natural functional materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of natural Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) on gamma linolenic acid (GLA) levels in milk from Holstein dairy cows. Quality and quantity of milk as well as blood and fatty acids from Holstein cow fed diets supplemented with 2.7-4% calcium-salted EPO coated with palm stearin oil were analyzed. There was no significant difference in yield and composition of milk between control and EPO treatment. However, EPO treatment lowered blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), somatic cell count (SCC), and cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) compared to untreated control. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level was decreased (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 group when compared with control group. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in GLA 1 and GLA 2 groups than in control group. The level of GLA in milk was increased in EPO group when compared to control. Therefore, results from the present study demonstrate that supplementary EPO has beneficial effects on cow health, showing a decrease in somatic cell count and levels of blood cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and AST. Furthermore, supplementation of EPO improves milk quality with increased amounts of GLA.