• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

Purpose - This study aims to proposes a conceptual framework to segment multi-national products based on a Chinese consumer's perception of multi-national products, to find the role of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) in country of origin (COO) effects for Chinese, and to figure out how different dimension of CET Effects on purchase intention developed market and home country. Research design, data and methodology - This study selected a 2×2×2 factorial design for the hypothesis test based on the product category × combination of manufactured type × Ethnocentrism level. This study distinguishes products between luxury (Burberry) and non-luxury (Nike) products and choose combination of manufactured type (Spain vs India/ Spain vs China) in order to perform comparative studies. A total of 223 Chinese participated in the experiment. After being exposed to each scenario, participants were asked to respond to questions about brand preference and purchase intention Results - Regarding to luxury made in developed country, it is worth that exposing COO information to low level of ethnocentrism consumers. Regarding to non-luxury product made in emerging country, it makes it worse when COO information to high level of ethnocentrism consumers. Lastly, regarding to non-luxury product, patriotic consumers prefer to purchase product made in home country.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.45-67
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• 2007

This study is focused on the medical services market in china which would be the largest one in the world sooner or later. An empirical research has been performed on the country images and related buying attitudes of the Chinese potential consumers for foreign medical services of more higher level. Upon the basis of this research results, the components of a country image has been restructured and the country image effects on the process of a purchasing decision of the advanced foreign medical services in China has been investigated and analyzed. This research shows that the forming process and the dimensions of a country image in Chinese consumers are rather simplified than the former researches of the same kind in any other countries. In China the expectation and buying intension for foreign medical services is found to be affected directly by a country image. Furthermore among various components of a country image the expected service quality level of the Chinese is found to be mostly dependent on the social stability and safety rather than on the degree of economic developments. Recently breaking through the domestic medical market crisis, more and more hospitals consider to advance into Chinese medical market. This research shows that the reexamination and political concerns on the country image of Korea are needed in the level of government's public relations. Especially the proactive policy making and propaganda of political, social and economic stability and safety in Korea are thought to be more important for successful entry in Chinese medical services market.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2017

Purpose This study examines the roles of individual- and country-level social capital in entrepreneurial activities from the context of crowdfunding. Design/methodology/approach Two primary sources were used for data collection. From Kickstarter, the largest U.S.-based crowdfunding platform, this study obtained 15,716 crowdfunding projects and individual-level social capital. For country-level social capital, the social capital index from the 2016 Legatum Prosperity Index was utilized. By matching individual- and country-level social capital for each crowdfunding project, this research estimates the role of social capital in entrepreneurial activities at the individual and country level using the Poisson regression and the negative binomial regression. Findings Individual-level social capital measured by the number of Facebook friends, the number of other crowdfunding projects that a crowdfunding project founder invested in, and the word count of the description of a crowdfunding project are positively associated with the number of crowdfunding projects created by founders. The country-level social capital measured by aggregated social capital index is also positively associated with the number of crowdfunding projects created by founders. Both individual- and country-level social capital have a positive impact on entrepreneurial activities in terms of the creation of new crowdfunding projects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.57 no.6 s.115
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• pp.160-171
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• 2007

This research studied men's cosmetics purchasing behavior based on the level of interest one has in one's appearance, the country of origin, and the sales promotion of the cosmetics. The study was conducted by experimental $2{\times}[2{\times}2]$ design by combining the 3 variables mentioned above. The Independent variables in this research were levels of appearance interest(high vs. low), the country of origin(Korean vs. foreign), and types of sales promotion(discount vs. coupon). The dependent variables were the purchase behaviors including favor to cosmetics and purchase intent. Two hundred male consumers participated for the study. Data analysis conducted were factor analysis, cluster analysis and ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. Male consumers' cosmetics favorness: 3-way significant interaction, in appearance interest, the country of origin, and types of sales promotion, was found for favor to male cosmetics. When male subjects were provided with price discounts and skin care coupons for the Korean cosmetics, they didn't reveal significant differences in favor, regardless of the level of appearance interest. However, for the imported cosmetics, male subjects with high appearance interest showed more favor to the cosmetics than the ones with low appearance interest. 2. Male consumers' purchase intent: 3-way significant interaction, in appearance interest, the country of origin, and types of sales promotion was found for the purchase intent. When male subjects were provided with price discounts and skin care coupons for the Korean cosmetics, they didn't show significant difference in purchase intent, regardless of their appearance interest. However, for the imported cosmetics, male consumers with high appearance interest reported more purchase intent than the ones with low appearance interest.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.373-385
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• 2022

Due to the lack of information, medical tourists are regarded to be at high risk. Prior medical tourism research has found that various types of perceived risks have a significant impact on medical tourists' purchase behavior. Even though medical tourism is predicted to increase, there is a lack of behavioral research to explain how perceived risks affect medical tourists' purchase behavior. In the context of Korean medical tourism, this study attempts to evaluate the effects of multi-level (macro, organizational, and personal) factors on medical tourists' perceived risks and purchase intentions. A conceptual model and hypotheses were built and empirically validated to investigate links between multi-level characteristics, perceived risks, and purchasing intentions. The data for this study was collected from Chinese tourists using a questionnaire. The impact of cognitive country image, affective country image, and medical service quality on fundamental risk is confirmed by statistical testing. Surprisingly, expectancy discrepancy risk is influenced only by cognitive country image and information search capabilities. Both fundamental and expectation discrepancy risks lower medical tourists' purchase intentions. The findings of this study show that a multi-level strategy is required to investigate the links between perceived risks and medical tourism purchasing intentions based on macro, organizational, and personal factors.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-53
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• 2008

This paper investigates factors determining the level of nontraditional activities at banks around the world. Specifically, the paper examines what kinds of firm-specific and country-specific characteristics determine the level of noninterest income using a comprehensive multi-country database. This paper focuses beyond the traditional U.S. based analyses and provides detailed asset-liability management practices of banks around the world.The findings suggest that banks' size and loan loss provision, explicit deposit insurance, banking restriction, banking freedom ranking of respective countries, the extent of state and foreign ownership, governance, and transparency of the country have positive effects on the level of nontraditional activities. Greater dependence on traditional lending and financing, market based economy, and multiple bank supervisory bodies in the country have negative associations with noninterest income. The economic development of country however affects the extent of the relationship.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.15
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• pp.133-152
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• 2002

The objective of this study examines that a country-of-origin and a congruity between country-of-origin of brand and country-of-origin of production effect on consumers' product preference respectively. To test this hypothesis, we used stimulus material including product photos with brand and its production description. Nation selected for study is defined as developed country, Korea, underdeveloped country, and tape record, sports shoes, and cosmetic, tissue is selected, they have characteristics with thinking vs feeling, level of involvement, private vs public. The result of analysis show that the effects of country-of-origin on product preference is different over country. The product of developed country is preferred by subjective, and following Korea, underdeveloped country. This result imply that country-of-origin effect on consumers' product preference and product evaluation positively. And we found that the degree of congruity between country-of-origin of brand and country-of-origin of production has very substantial impact on product quality judgement and product preference above and beyond brand and country-of-origin of production main effects. This study contributes to a understanding of effects of country-of-origin at the perspective of congruity, and extend level of generalization of country-of-origin effect by testing various product characteristic and congruity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 1995

The amount of the high level radioactive wastes in Korea will be increased up to 14,297 MTU about 2010 year. Most of countries adopt the concept of deep burial repository in high level radioactive waste disposal. Because the high level radioactive wastes are very toxic in biosphere and to human, the data verifing its never return to the biosphere are requisite for the disposal. Presently, the evaluating techniques for the high level radioactive waste disposal are not fully developed. Therefore, in order to dispose the high level radioactive wastes in proper time the R & D of it is urged in our country. The R & D and/or the international joint research programme for the disposal of high level wastes have already been proceeded. In our country no plan for its disposal has been prepared. It is the time that the direction of the R & D is to be discused seriously. The R & D for the disposal of high level radioactive wastes in Korea is believed to be focused on developing the pecular techniques such as in situ characteristics of groundwater flowage, and change of properties of in situ rock mass at thermal effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.488-495
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to measure respondent's demographic characteristics, respondent's attitudes toward chicken meat, and factors influencing the level of perceived helpfulness of country of origin in predicting the safety of chicken. The data was collected through a consumer survey during the March 2006. Two hundred fifty meat consumers living in Suncheon, the eastern part of Chonnam, were randomly selected as respondents. Eleven respondents did not complete the survey instrument, resulting in a final sample size of 239. All estimations were carried out using correlation, logistic procedure of SAS package, and plum procedure of SPSS. The level of perceived helpfulness of country of origin in predicting the safety of chicken meat was significantly correlated with trust, antibiotics and salmonella/bacteria among the attitude variables. The proportional odds assumption of the model was violated at p<0.05. The estimated results of the multinomial logit model indicated that income, single, occupation, and education significantly affected helpful perception over not helpful perception, while gender and occupation significantly affected very helpful perception over not helpful perception in the case of the extended model. These study results from this study could be useful in developing marketing and health promotion strategies, as well as government trade policy.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2022

Purpose - The objective of this study is to investigate what motivates global FDI inflows in the different economic development level and to clarify the FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth. Design/methodology/approach - Major macroscopic social·economic factors induced FDI inflows were analyzed using fixed-effect panel regression with 30-year panel data of 28 countries from 1985 to 2014. For analysis in the stage of economic growth, two category of developed and developing countries was used. And to analyze FDI motivation type in the level of qualitative economic growth, 4 shares of GDP; consumption·government·investment expenditure and export, was used as explanatory variable. Findings - In developed country, TFP(total factor productivity) and GDP have a great influence on FDI inflows, and consumption and labor compensation have a slight effect. This result indicates that the market seeking-driven, horizontal type investment is shown along with efficiency seeking investment. In developing country, human capital and TFP is shown to have greater impact on FDI inflows and labor compensation, exports, investment and government expenditures also have impacts. Thus it has confirmed that not only efficiency-seeking vertical investment for using low cost well educated laborer, but also government-driven economic growth and export policies could affect the FDI inflows. Research implications or Originality - The FDI investment decision making of multinational companies is decided by their own purpose. But, in the concept of as follows; 1) FDI is a long-term capital flowing for maximization of economic utility with limited global resource, 2) Thus FDI could be affected by macro socio·economic factors of host country. 3) Also such macro factors is different by each economic growth qualitative level. Therefore macro socio·economic factors of each country could be affected by the qualitative level of their own economic growth. To attract FDI inflows, it is desirable to implement differentiated incentive policies in the qualitative level of economic growth. Furthermore in developing countries it is recommended to implement government driven economic growth policies as follows; fostering well educated human resources, improving technology productivity in the relative lower cost labor market compared to developed countries and boosting international export volume.