• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 1986

Canavanine content of the cotyledons of Canavalia lineata decreased gradually during germination and growth of seedlings but continued to increase in roots and leaves. After abscission of cotyledons, canavanine content of leaves depleted competely. The activity of canavanase could be detected in leaves and roots, but not in cotyledons. High arginase activity was observed in the cotyledons of seeds at the earlyimbibition period. During the growth of seedlings, cotyledonary canavanine appeared to be transported to the growing of seedlings where it could be utilized through nitrogen metabolic pathways. In crude cell-free extracts of leaves, maximum activities of canavanase or arginase appeared in 30mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.0) or 30mM NaHCO3 buffer (pH 10.0), respectively. The activities of these two enzymes differed from each other when treated with Co2+ or Mn2+. These results support the idea that canavanase and arginase might be different enzymes.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.85-89
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• 1999

Somatic embryogendesis is one of good examples of the basic research for plant embryo development as well as an important technique for plant biotechnology. This paper describes the direct somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos of Panax ginseng is reversely related to normal axis growth of zygotic embryos by the experiment of various chemical treatments. Under the normal growth condition, the apical tips of embryo axis produced an agar-diffusible substance, which suppressed somatic embryo development from cotyledons. Although the cells of zygotic embryos were released from the restraint of embryo axis, various factors were still involved for somatic embryo development. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the ultrastructure of cells of cotyledon epidermis markedly changed before initiation of embryonic cell division, probably indicating reprogramming events into the cells embryogenically determined state. Polar accumulation of endogenous auxin or cell-cell isolation by plasmolysis pre-treatment is the strong inducer for the somatic embryo development. The cells for the process of somatic embryogenesis might be determined by the physiological conditions fo explants and medium compositions. Direct somatic embryos from cotyledons fo ginseng were originated eithrer from single or multiple cells. The different cellular origin of somatic embryos was originated either from single or multiple cell. The different cellular origin of somatic embryos was depended on various developmental stages of cotyledons. Immature meristematic cotyledons produced multiple cell-derived somatic embryos, which developed into multiple embryos. While fully mature cotyledons produced single cell-derived single embryos with independent state. Plasmolysis pretreatment of cotyledons strongly enhanced single cell-derived somatic embryogenesis. Single embryos were converted into normal plantlets with shoot and roots, while multiple embryos were converted into only multiple shoots. GA3 or a chilling treatment was prerequisite for germination and plant conversion. Low concentration of ammonium ion in medium was necessary for balanced growth of root and shoot of plantlets. Therefore, using above procedures, successful plant regeneration of ginseng was accomplished through direct single embryogenesis, which makes it possible to produce genetically transformed ginseng efficently.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2009

The germination rate of radishes grown with the far infrared irradiated water and drinking water was 100% and 78% respectively. The far infrared irradiated water stimulated the cell division of the cotyledons and enlarged the cell sizes both in the dark and in the light. In the dark and light conditions, the size of the cotyledons of transversal axis and longitudinal axis grown with the far infrared irradiated water was bigger than that grown with the drinking water. The content of chlorophyll and the consumption of $CO_2$ of the cotyledons grown with the far infrared irradiated water were higher, respectively. Osmotic pressure of the cotyledons grown with the far infrared irradiated water was 1.25 factors higher than that grown with the drinking water. The water potential of the cotyledons grown with the far infrared irradiated water was more negative value. The length of hypocotyls grown with the far infrared irradiated water was 2.18 factors longer in the dark, 1.99 factors longer in the light than that grown with the drinking water and the radish roots grown with the far infrared irradiated water were larger, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1998

This study describes the effect of the growth regulators such as 2,L-D and BA, on the structural abnormalities of somatic embryos derived from leaf explants of Angelica gigas Nakai, Also, the relationship between the cotyledon number of a somatic embryo and its germinability is explored. Embryogenic calli were selected from calli formed on explants cultured on MS solid basal medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L 2,4-D, 1mg/L 2,4-D, 1mg/L plus 0.1mg/L BA, and 1 mg/L 2,4-D plus 0.5mg/L BA. Cotyledonary abnormalities were observed in somatic embryos which were developed from embryogenic calli cultured on MS medium containing 1mg/L 2,4-D for 8 weeks and then subcultured on 2,4-D free MS medium for 3 weeks. The frequency of abnormalities was as follows: 22.8% one cotyledon, 42.5% two cotyledons, 16.8% three cotyledons, 7.8% four cotyledons, 1.8% five cotyledons, and 8.2% jar shaped cotyledon. In addition, ABA treatment indicated an improvement of the somatic embryo with normal cotyledon (65.3%). ABA was important role to the high production of normal somatic embryos. Two cotyledon embryos showed germinability 77.8%. However the germinability of somatic embryos with anomalous cotyledons was prominently low: One cotyledon, 62.5%; three cotyledons, 43.3%; four cotyledons, 60%; five cotyledons, 50% and jar shaped cotyledon, zero%. Thus, germinability was essentially, inversely proportional to cotyledon number.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.810-817
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• 2010

We observed abnormal morphology of cotyledons occurring in seedlings derived from open-pollinated and cross-pollinated tetraploid grapes and selected aneuploids, especially hypo- and hyper-tetraploid in seedlings with abnormal morphology of cotyledons. Five types of morphologically abnormal cotyledons were observed. In open-pollination of four tetraploid grapes, the frequency of abnormal cotyledons was 1.6% (49 of 3029 seeds). Percentage of aneuploids in the seedlings of abnormal cotyledons was 20.4% (10 of 49 seedlings). Aneuploids in open-pollination consisted of three (4n = 4x-2), four (4n = 4x-1), and three (4n = 4x+1) seedlings. In cross-pollination of tetraploids, the frequency of abnormal cotyledons was 3.4% (59 of 1729 seeds). Percentage of aneuploids in the seedlings with abnormal cotyledons was 22.0% (13 of 59 seedlings). Aneuploids from cross-pollination of tetraploids consisted of two (4n = 4x-2), nine (4n = 4x-1), one (4n = 4x+1), and one (4n = 4x+3) seedlings. According to the results, although the abnormal cotyledon morphology of seedlings obtained from crossing between tetraploid grapes appeared at low rate (2.3%), aneuploid seedlings occurred at high rate (22.0%); therefore, it indicated that this selection strategy might be very efficient in the initial seedling stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1977

These studies were carried out to know the variation of morphological tree forms, needles, cotyledons, seed characters and top height growth of seedlings of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. by populations in Mt. Jiri. The results are summarized as follows: 1. It was observed that the characteristics of length, needles of serration density of needles, percentage of full seeds length, of seeds, thickness, of seeds length of cotyledons, width of cotyledon, numbers of the stomata line in cotyledons and the top height growth of seedlings were significantly different in individual trees and populations. 2. The characteristics of branch angle specific gravity of wood and resin canal numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in populations. 3. It was that the characteristics of numbers of stomata line, width, of seeds weight, of seeds serration density of cotyledons, numbers of cotyledons were significantly different in individuals. 4. The resin canals of needles showed three principle resin canals in individual trees and population, and the coefficients of variation were not shown in individual trees and populations. Stem forms showed to be a straight form with all populations. 5. The characteristics of cotyledons had generally higher tendency than the characteristics of needles in comparison with coefficience of variation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1996

To treatment of Ricinus cotyledons with ABA, induced several proteins with molecular weights of 53, 54, 56, 58 and 73.5kD. 54 and 56kD among those proteins resulted in increased more when ABA concentrations in external media are increased. The molecular weight of 35, 49, 53, 54, 62, 65 and 79kD of proteins are induced by ABA treatment of roots. The induced proteins are not the same a those by cold treatment exception of 73.5kD of cotyledons and 62kD of roots. 49, 58 and 79kD of proteins are important to research in future because of the induction of proteins in the presence of cydoheximide(CH) which is blocked the synthesis of proteins.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2019

Efficient protocol for plant shoot regeneration of Brassica juncea L. CZERN was established by using organic media components and growth stimulating factors of the vermicompost and coelomic fluids. Formulated organic plant tissue culture media (Vermicompost (30%) extracts supplemented with 20 mL/L coelomic fluid) have shown maximum shoot regeneration when compared with the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, which were supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/L of Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Cotyledon explants produced the highest shoot regeneration frequency from fourday-old germinated seedlings in comparison with non-germinated seedlings. The vermicompost extracts have proved to be the best organic plant growth media to induce shoots from cotyledons compared to the MS media. Statistically significant difference (P = 0.008) for the root length, shoot length (P=0.000350) and the leaves (P=0.375) of the mustard plantlets were analyzed successfully. The survival rate was 98% in the mustard cotyledons on the Vermicompost extract media and 63% on MS media respectively. The coelomic fluid also is much suitable to induce shoots from cotyledons at lower concentrations. It was also shown that the vermicompost extract, which comprised of humic acids along with coelomic fluid, affected shoot regeneration from the cotyledons. An efficient and organic shoot regeneration study was standardized and it can be applicable in the improvement of the economically important crops.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.142-142
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• 2023

Cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) has excellent physical properties and texture of starch, so it is mainly used in various ways for songpyeon sediment, rice-cake paste, and porridge. To utilize it as various processed products such as songpyeon sediment and cowpea milk, 'Okhyun', which has green cotyledons and black seed coats and can be harvested by combine was developed. A cowpea variety 'Okhyun' was improved from the cross between IT145379 and IT208081 at the JARES in 2022. 'Okhyun' has an erect plant with an intermediate plant habit, a light purple-colored corolla, and heart-shaped leaflets. 'Okhyun' has green cotyledons and black seed coats, and has straight black brown pods when mature. The stem length of 'Okhyun' is 47cm, and the weight of 100-seed weight was 12.9g, which was lower than the control variety 'Okdang'(16.6g). 'Okhyun' contains 25.8mg/100g of anthocyanin, 279mg/100g of total polyphenols, and 335mg/100g of total flavonoids, respectively. The average yield of 'Okhyun' was 1.97ton per hectare, 11% higher than that of the control cultivar 'Okdang'. 'Okhyun'' does not require the installation of an espalier-net net, so it is possible to harvest with a combine. In addition, 'Okhyun' variety with green cotyledons and a black seed coat is expected to contribute to developing regional specialties and various processed products.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.255-270
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• 1993

Effects of polyamines on chlorophyll and protein content, and $\delta$-aminolevulinate dehydratase(ALAD) activity were investigated during the greening of mung bean cotyledons. Polyamines stimulated chlorophyll formation in greening cotyledons, and this effect was enhanced by KCl. The changes in protein content were similar to the changes for chlorophyll content. The excision entailed an increase in ALAD activity. Then a decrease appeared after 48 h incubation on water in the dark. It was more precocious in the light, but was accelerated when the cotyledons were illuminated after a dark preincubation. Putrescine had little effect on ALAD activity in the dark. In the light, putrescine prevented the decrease in ALAD activity and enhanced this activity when a dark preincubation preceded illumination. KCl had a slight stimulating effect in the dark, but was uneffective in the light. The combination putrescine＋KCl was devoid of stimulating effect. The results obtained suggest that plastid development of mung bean cotyledons during greening was affected by polyamines and light and that polyamines may play a role in the regulation of plastid development.