• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.121-146
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• 2019

This study investigates the innovation resistance when blockchain technology is introduced for the shipping and port industry. For the development of a research model with suitable measures, we review and focus on innovation resistance factors with the blockchain technology derived from previous studies. In this research, we consider four factors (innovation characteristics, consumer characteristics, environmental characteristics, and cost characteristics) with innovation resistance as dependent variables. The innovation characteristics include relative benefits, complexity, and perceived risk. The consumer characteristics consider attitude toward existing products, innovation, and self-efficacy. Social impact variables are environmental characteristics and rationality of cost. In the statistical analysis, we set up eight hypotheses to test the significances between variables and find the following four empirical results. First, the relative advantage and the perceived risk have a significant effect on innovation characteristic, but the complexity of this characteristic has no significant effect on innovation resistance. Second, the rationality of cost has no significant effect on innovation resistance. Third, the attitude toward existing products has a positive effect and the innovation of the consumer characteristic has a negative effect on innovation resistance, while the self-efficacy has no significant effect. Finally, the social impact has a significant effect on innovation resistance to blockchain in the shipping and port industry.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 1998

An interrupted time series analysis of local directory assistance calls in the Taegu area from November 1, 1996 to February 28, 1997 revealed a gradual/permanent reduction in daily frequency of calls after charges were introduced in January 1, 1997. Even though the results cannot attest to the sbrupt/permanent reduction effect of response cost we expected, the reduction after charging may contribute to the efficacy of work and the improvement of service quality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2006

Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib) conjugate vaccines prevent Hib disease in individuals and reduce the carriage and transmission of the organism in the community. The incidence of Hib disease has been decreased dramatically in a diverse range of countries through the use of a variety of conjugate vaccines and vaccine schedules. In some countries, the vaccine has caused a near-disappearance of invasive Hib disease through a combination of direct protection and herd immunity. The effectiveness of the vaccine was not modified by the type of conjugate vaccine, the number of doses given(two, three or four), age at first vaccination(two months, 42 to 90 days, three months) and whether the vaccine was tested in an industrialized or developing country. Over 15 years of international experience with vaccines has also demonstrated that they are safe. In 2004, Hib vaccines were adapted in routine immunization in 92 countries in the world. Decisions regarding the use of the Hib vaccine in routine immunization schedules depend not only on the effectiveness and efficacy of the vaccine but also on factors such as burden of disease, vaccine cost, and competing priorities. In Korea, Hib disease burden seemed to be lower than other developed countries(~10/100,000). Moreover Hib vaccines showed excellent immunogenicity in Korean children in many studies. Therefore, a potential approach to economize the cost of Hib vaccines could be to explore the possibilities of using reduced vaccine doses for immunization as some other countries.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.243-261
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• 2006

Priority setting in national health insurances in major advanced countries and the nation was investigated to draw the criteria for priority setting and suggest the most rational criteria for dental insurance so as to help secure the efficiency of medicare financing and individual's health right and also elevate medical consumers' satisfaction with health insurance. 1. Priorities in national health insurance are different from country to country, depending on the medical security systems, priority introducing conditions, and social environment, but have many common factors. 2. The priority setting criteria for national health insurance in those countries include the following in common: the efficiency, equity, and cost effect of treatment, emergency of treatment, consumption of expense, efficacy of treatment, patient's receptiveness, patient's demand, severity of disease, and patient's responsibility for the disease. 3. In oral diseases, severe diseases including oral cavity cancer are low in rate, and in-hospital treatments are few. From the above findings, it is suggested that dental insurance should establish discriminative criteria for priority setting by reflecting the aspects of dental diseases and system difference between dental and other health insurances and taking account of efficiency of treatment through prevention, cost effect, prevalence and incidence of generalized diseases, and individual's financing burden.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.589-599
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation amongst health status, health care costs. health service utilization among the low income elderly who were 60 years of age or older, earning a half of the average Korean family income. The cross-sectional descriptive survey research we conducted used families randomly sampled nationwide. The data were collected from July 12 to August 7, 1999 and the total sample was 1.259 household members (421 households). These were the major findings. 1. As for the health status. 72.4% of respondents fell ill in the last 1 month; 54% of respondents had chronic disease. 2. As for the health care cost. the cost of hospitalization and the medical treatment were 1.069,000 won and 226.000won. respectively. 59.3% of respondents experienced a burden from the monthly health care expenses. 3. As for the health service utilization for the last 3months. 28.5% of respondents didn't utilize the health service. In addition, 22.2% of respondents gave up a medical treatment because of economic situation (88.8%). 4. The statistically significant determinants of health service utilization are old age, female, living with a spouse, unemployed state, medicare, and more days sick. 5. It is shown conclusively that equity and efficacy of the health care policy are to be considered for lower income older adult.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.225-237
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• 2018

The sorption of metal ions with low-cost adsorbents plays an important role in sustainable development. In the present study, the efficacy of sugarcane bagasse, rain tree fruits (samaneasaman), banana stem and their mixtures, used as bio-sorbents, in the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution is evaluated. Batch studies are conducted, and residual ions were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-atomic spectrometer. Effect of pH, initial metal ion concentration, reaction time and adsorbent dosage are studied. The Pb(II) removal efficiency was observed to be 97.88%, 98.60% and 91.74% for rain tree fruits, banana stem and a mixture of adsorbents respectively. The highest Cu(II) ion removal was observed for sugarcane bagasse sorbent with an efficiency of 82.10% with a pH of 4.5 and a reaction time of 90 min. Finally, desorption studies were carried out to study the leaching potential of adsorbent, and it was found that the adsorbent is stable in water than the other leaching agents such as HCl, ammonium acetate, Sodium EDTA. Hence, these adsorbents can be effectively used for the removal of these heavy metals.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.79-103
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• 2021

Purpose Based on consumers' economic, psychological, self-development and conversion costs, this study discusses the relationship between consumers' negative attitude to their shadow work during the course of using self-service in unmanned supermarkets and their behavior. Design/methodology/approach Along with the Hirschman(1970)'s EVLN(Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect) reviewed, the proposed model of this study is based on the S-O-R model(Mehrabian and Russel, 1974) and mental accounting theory(Thaler, 1999), having empirical validation. Findings In the process of visits and consumption in unmanned supermarkets, increasing economic and psychological benefits can effectively reduce consumers' negative attitudes towards shadow work. In addition, the increase in switching costs will also effectively reduce consumers' negative attitudes towards shadow work. When shadow work holds a negative attitude, all the three kinds of actions will occur. Unmanned supermarket operators use consumers to create value while giving a certain return to them, which is conducive to the sustainable development of unmanned supermarket enterprises.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.497-508
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• 2023

Manual estimation of rebar quantities by contractors often yields discrepancies between projected and actual amounts used in the construction phase, leading to cost inaccuracies and potential logistical challenges. To address these issues, there is a clear need for a method that allows precise estimation of rebar quantities during the design phase. Such a method would enhance contractor competitiveness during project bids, promote accurate cost calculations, and avert superfluous rebar purchases on-site. Given that columns are the primary structural components in reinforced concrete(RC) buildings and necessitate considerable amounts of rebar, this study focuses on creating an automated algorithm for estimating column rebar quantities. An analysis of the accurate quantities obtained via the study and those derived from manual estimation reveals a discrepancy of 0.346 tons or 2.056%. This comparison affirms the proposed algorithm's efficacy in eliminating errors from overestimation or underestimation of rebar quantities. The practical implications of this study are significant for construction companies as it fosters efficient and precise estimation of rebar quantities, ensuring compliance with related specifications and governing regulations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.117-127
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• 2014

Purpose: In order to provide a systematic and standardized treatment course for MVD patients, a critical pathway (CP) program was developed and the results of its long term application were analyzed. Methods: This was a methodological study. The CP was established and applied to 75 (step I) and 1,216 (step II). Another group of 56 with similar features was used as a control group. Results: The application of CP turned out to be useful in many regards: the rate of hearing loss was reduced from 1.8% to 0% (step I) and 0.5% (step II), and low cranial nerve palsy was reduced from 1.8% to 1.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The length of hospitalization decreased by 2.56 days (25.2%) for step I and 3.05 days (30.0%) for step II. Days of ICU stay were reduced by 7.9% and 1.8%. The total cost per patient was reduced by 14.8% (step I). The cost per day was increased by 13.7% and 52.4%. An increase in the patient satisfaction index was noted, as shown in the ICU information guide (p=.002). Conclusion: The development and application of CP was found to improve the quality of medical treatment and the efficacy of hospital management in MVD patients. Well organized and efficient system and multidisciplinary teamwork are the key component of the successful application of CP.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.630-641
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of current study was to explore the positive outcomes of advanced practice nurse who have experienced the roles in their clinical settings. Methods: This study adopted a qualitative research design based on conventional content analysis. Participants were 16 nurse practitioners have been worked at hospitals or community centers. Data were collected via focus group interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis method. Results: Patients' aspect outcomes were "client-centered care in providing continuity", "providing trust based on expertise", "promoting skilled intervention in patient recovering", "blocking the negative consequences", "quality improvement: nursing becoming tighter", "providing total care for cases that require intensive care", "improving patients outcomes by total management", "increasing confidence in evidence-based professional nursing", "rising the satisfaction by cost-effective services", "providing skilled professional practice", and "providing comprehensive care related to covering various aspects". Other themes elicited also included "promoting efficacy by inter-related health professions supervising", "the expansion of specialized practice areas increase business efficiency", "formation of outside customers due to increasing the satisfaction with skilled nursing care", "filling in the emptying spaces of doctors by practicing reliable role to bridge", "attracting external customers through successful management of subjects", "increasing staff's satisfaction on the role to make a bridge between inside and outside doctors", "24 hours medical expertise of professional staff ready secured", and "low cost, same results, that is, cost-effective" in reference to health care resources aspect. Conclusion: These findings suggested that advanced practice nurses perceived various positive outcomes and provided basic data for outcome indicators of advanced practice nurses' role.