• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.436-440
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• 2008

모노레일 형식의 차량은 단일 궤도를 이용하여 주행하는 형식으로서 보통 2량${\sim}$4량을 한편성으로 하여 운행하고 있는 경전철 차량이다. 모노레일은 궤도 위를 주행하는 과좌식과 궤도에 매달려서 주행하는 현수식 2종류가 있다. 세계에서 가장 오래된 독일 뷔퍼탈 모노레일을 시작으로 호주, 미국, 일본 등에서 많은 모노레일이 현재 운행되고 있다. 우리나라에서도 대구시 3호선이 모노레일 형식의 차량을 도입하기로 결정하였다. 대구시 3호선은 국가제정사업으로서 중앙정부 예산이 총 사업비의 60% 지원이 된다. 국가에서는 고무차륜형식 경전철 차량 및 철제차륜형식 경전철 차량에 대해서는 표준규격을 고시하여 이 차량 형식을 도입하려고 하는 지자체에서는 많은 참고를 하고 있으며 그에 따른 유지보수 효과등 많은 혜택을 받고 있다. 그러나 모노레일 형식의 차량에 대한 표준규격은 아직까지 국가에서 고시하지 않아 이에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되었다. 한국철도기술연구원에서는 이러한 목적으로 국토해양부의 의뢰를 받아 한국의 실정에 맞는 모노레일 형식의 표준규격에 대한 연구를 진행하고 있으며 본 논문에서는 차량의 기본 구성 및 성능에 대한 연구내용을 담고 있다. 본 표준규격에 대한 내용이 국가의 표준으로 고시되어 모노레일을 계획하고 있는 지방자치단체에서 많이 활용을 하기를 희망한다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2021

인터넷망에서 동영상 콘텐츠를 스트리밍 서비스로 시청할 수 있게 해주는 OTT 서비스는 최근 많은 각광을 받고 있으며 이용자수 또한 가파르게 증가하고 있다. OTT 회사가 전통적인 미디어 회사들 및 타 OTT 회사들과 관계에서 경쟁 우위를 확보하기 위해 더 많은 콘텐츠를 확보하는 것은 당연한 전략일 것이다. 하지만 OTT 사업자로부터 유발된 인터넷 트래픽양 또한 더불어 같이 증가하게 되므로 이를 전송해 주어야 하는 인터넷 서비스 회사의 설비 투자도 증가해야 한다는 의견도 있다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 OTT 회사인 넷플릭스의 콘텐츠 투자가 자사의 매출 증가와 인터넷 서비스 회사의 인터넷 망 투자 증가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 시차 분포 모형을 통해 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석결과는 넷플릭스의 콘텐츠 투자는 자사의 매출 증대에 기여하고 있으며, 또한 인터넷 서비스 사업자 들의 인터넷 망투자 증가에도 영향을 미치는 것을 보여 준다. 이는 OTT 사업자의 콘텐츠 확대 전략이 유효한 경영 전략임을 확인해주며, OTT 사업자 들로부터 우발디는 막대한 인터넷 트래픽을 지연없이 전송하기 위한 인터넷 망 설비 투자 비용을 OTT 사업자 들이 분담할 필요가 있다는 연구 결과 들을 실증적으로 지지한다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

트랜지스터의 최대 출력 성능을 제한하는 요소 중 가장 중요한 하나가 항복 전압이다. GaAs 기판 위에 점진적으로 성장된 메타몰픽(Metamorphic) InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs(MHEMT)는 InP 기판 위에 성정한 HEMT에 비해 비용 측면에서 특히 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 GaAs 나 InP 기반의 HEMT 소자들은 모두 우수한 마이크로파 및 밀리미터파 주파수 특성 및 이에 따른 저잡음 특성에 비해 낮은 항복전압으로 인해 파워 소자로서는 중간출력 정도의 소자로서만 사용 가능하다. 이러한 HEMT 소자의 항복 전압을 개선하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 InAlAs/$In_xGa_{1-x}As$/GaAs MHEMT 소자들의 항복 특성을 시뮬레이션하고 분석하였다. 2차원 소자 시뮬레이터의 hydrodynamic 전송 모델을 사용하여 $In_{0.52}Al_{0.48}As/In_{0.53}Ga_{0.47}As$ 이종접합 구조를 갖는 제작된 0.1-${\mu}m$ ${\Gamma}$-gate MHEMT 소자에 대하여 파라미터 보정 작업을 수행한 후 항복 특성에 영향을 주는 요소들을 분석하였다. 깊은 준위 트랩 효과를 고려한 충돌 이온화 및 게이트 전계를 분석하였고, 인듐(In) 몰 성분 변화에 따른 $In_xGa_{1-x}As$ 채널에서의 항복 특성 예측을 위한 충돌 이온화 계수를 경험적으로 제안 적용하였다.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2014

최근의 신 교통시스템 개발 동향은 주로 지속가능하고 친환경적인 교통수단을 제공하는데 초점이 맞춰져 있다. 그 중에서도, 수요응답형 순환교통(PRT: Personal Rapid Transit) 시스템은 그 가능성 때문에 주목을 받고 있으며, 첨단 전기 자동차(EV) 개발 기술과의 융합을 통해서 경쟁력은 보다 향상되고 있다. 하지만 전기 배터리에 의해 구동되는 차량의 경우 안정적이고 효율적인 운영의 측면에서 기술적인 어려움에 직면하고 있다. 본 논문에서는, 기술적인 난제를 극복하고 전기에너지를 기반으로 한 교통수단의 보급을 증대하기 위하여 태양전지에 의한 보조 전력 공급을 위한 설계적 접근방법에 대해서 모형실험을 통해서 논한다. 그 결과, 실제 차량에 적용했을 시 보조 전원 공급장치로서 일부 서비스 기기에 소요되는 전력량의 대략 11% 정도를 감당할 수 있을 것으로 예측되었다. 특히, 유연소재 태양전지의 장점은 저렴하고 가벼우며 디자인 의도를 최대한 살릴 수 있다는 데 있다. 무엇보다도 유연함과 용이한 부착성은 다양한 분야에서의 확대 적용 가능성을 보여준다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

When we think of fundamental problems of the aquaculture industry, there are several strict conditions, and consequently the aquaculture industry is forced to change. Fish aquaculture has a structural supply surplus in production, aggravation of fishing grounds, stagnant low price due to recent recession, and drastic change of distribution circumstances. It is requested for us to initiate discussion on such issue as “how fish aquaculture establishes its status in the coastal fishery\ulcorner, will fish aquaculture grow in the future\ulcorner, and if so “how it will be restructured\ulcorner” The above issues can be observed in the mariculture of yellow tail, sea scallop and eel. But there have not been studied concerning seabream even though the production is over 30% of the total production of fish aquaculture in resent and it occupied an important status in the fish aquaculture. The objectives of this study is to forecast the future movement of sea bream aquaculture. The first goal of the study is to contribute to managerial and economic studies on the aquaculture industry. The second goal is to identify the factors influencing the competition between production areas and to identify the mechanisms involved. This study will examine the competitive power in individual producing area, its behavior, and its compulsory factors based on case study. Producing areas will be categorized according to following parameters : distance to market and availability of transportation, natural environment, the time of formation of producing areas (leaderㆍfollower), major production items, scale of business and producing areas, degree of organization in production and sales. As a factor in shaping the production area of sea bream aquaculture, natural conditions especially the water temperature is very important. Sea bream shows more active feeding and faster growth in areas located where the water temperature does not go below 13∼14$^{\circ}C$ during the winter. Also fish aquaculture is constrained by the transporting distance. Aquacultured yellowtail is a mass-produced and a mass-distributed item. It is sold a unit of cage and transported by ship. On the other hand, sea bream is sold in small amount in markets and transported by truck; so, the transportation cost is higher than yellow tail. Aquacultured sea bream has different product characteristics due to transport distance. We need to study live fish and fresh fish markets separately. Live fish was the original product form of aquacultured sea bream. Transportation of live fish has more constraints than the transportation of fresh fish. Death rate and distance are highly correlated. In addition, loading capacity of live fish is less than fresh fish. In the case of a 10 ton truck, live fish can only be loaded up to 1.5 tons. But, fresh fish which can be placed in a box can be loaded up to 5 to 6 tons. Because of this characteristics, live fish requires closer location to consumption area than fresh fish. In the consumption markets, the size of fresh fish is mainly 0.8 to 2kg.Live fish usually goes through auction, and quality is graded. Main purchaser comes from many small-sized restaurants, so a relatively small farmer and distributer can sell it. Aquacultured sea bream has been transacted as a fresh fish in GMS ,since 1993 when the price plummeted. Economies of scale works in case of fresh fish. The characteristics of fresh fish is as follows : As a large scale demander, General Merchandise Stores are the main purchasers of sea bream and the size of the fish is around 1.3kg. It mainly goes through negotiation. Aquacultured sea bream has been established as a representative food in General Merchandise Stores. GMS require stable and mass supply, consistent size, and low price. And Distribution of fresh fish is undertook by the large scale distributers, which can satisfy requirements of GMS. The market share in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market shows Mie Pref. is dominating in live fish. And Ehime Pref. is dominating in fresh fish. Ehime Pref. showed remarkable growth in 1990s. At present, the dealings of live fish is decreasing. However, the dealings of fresh fish is increasing in Tokyo Central Wholesale Market. The price of live fish is decreasing more than one of fresh fish. Even though Ehime Pref. has an ideal natural environment for sea bream aquaculture, its entry into sea bream aquaculture was late, because it was located at a further distance to consumers than the competing producing areas. However, Ehime Pref. became the number one producing areas through the sales of fresh fish in the 1990s. The production volume is almost 3 times the production volume of Mie Pref. which is the number two production area. More conversion from yellow tail aquaculture to sea bream aquaculture is taking place in Ehime Pref., because Kagosima Pref. has a better natural environment for yellow tail aquaculture. Transportation is worse than Mie Pref., but this region as a far-flung producing area makes up by increasing the business scale. Ehime Pref. increases the market share for fresh fish by creating demand from GMS. Ehime Pref. has developed market strategies such as a quick return at a small profit, a stable and mass supply and standardization in size. Ehime Pref. increases the market power by the capital of a large scale commission agent. Secondly Mie Pref. is close to markets and composed of small scale farmers. Mie Pref. switched to sea bream aquaculture early, because of the price decrease in aquacultured yellou tail and natural environmental problems. Mie Pref. had not changed until 1993 when the price of the sea bream plummeted. Because it had better natural environment and transportation. Mie Pref. has a suitable water temperature range required for sea bream aquaculture. However, the price of live sea bream continued to decline due to excessive production and economic recession. As a consequence, small scale farmers are faced with a market price below the average production cost in 1993. In such kind of situation, the small-sized and inefficient manager in Mie Pref. was obliged to withdraw from sea bream aquaculture. Kumamoto Pref. is located further from market sites and has an unsuitable nature environmental condition required for sea bream aquaculture. Although Kumamoto Pref. is trying to convert to the puffer fish aquaculture which requires different rearing techniques, aquaculture technique for puffer fish is not established yet.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2015

본 연구는 유류로 오염된 토양의 정화를 위한 생물자극법에서 퇴비의 시용효과를 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. TPH로 오염된 토양에 퇴비를 수준별로 처리 한 후 TPH 함량 변화를 관찰 한 결과, 퇴비 처리량이 증가 할수록 토양 내 TPH 함량이 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. TPH 분해율을 알아보고자 퇴비 처리수준에 따른 TPH 함량 변화를 1차와 2차 kinetics 모델에 적용하여 결정계수(R²)를 비교 한 결과 second order kinetic 모델의 결정계수 값이 잘 적용되었다. 퇴비를 처리하였을 때 seond-order kinetic 모델의 reaction rate constant 값은 퇴비를 30 Mg/ha 이상 처리하였을 때 무처리 보다 4배 정도 높게 나타났으며, 퇴비 처리 수준이 높아질수록 그 값은 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 퇴비의 처리량을 증가시킴에 따라 토양 내 미생물의 수는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 퇴비의 처리량은 토양 내 미생물 수와 TPH 함량의 변화와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보여주었다. 따라서 TPH로 오염된 토양 내 적합한 양의 퇴비 처리는 토양 내 미생물 수를 증가시켜 TPH 함량의 감소를 가속화시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 1997년도 추계 국제학술심포지움 논문집
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• pp.3-31
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• 1997

Water has always played a significant role in the lives of people. In urbanised Rome, with its million people. sophisticated supply systems developed and then fled with the empire. only to be rediscovered later But it was the industrial Revolution commencing in the eighteenth century that ushered in major paradigm shifts In use and altitudes towards water. Rapid and concentrated urbanisation brought problems of expanded demands for drinking supplies, waste management and disease. The strategy of using water from local streams, springs and village wells collapsed under the onslaughts of rising urban demands and pollution due to poor waste disposal practices. Expanding travel (railways. and steamships) aided the spread of disease. In England. public health crises peaks, related to water-borne typhoid and the three major cholera outbreaks occurred in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century respectively. Technological, engineering and institutional responses were successful in solving the public health problem. it is generally accepted that the putting of water into pipe networks both for a clean drinking supply, as well as using it as a transport medium for removal of human and other wastes, played a significant role in towering death rates due to waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid towards the end of the nineteenth century. Today, similar principles apply. A recent World Bank report Indicates that there can be upto 76％ reduction in illness when major water and sanitation improvements occur in developing countries. Water management, technology and thinking in Australia were relatively stable in the twentieth century up to the mid to late 1970s. Groundwater sources were investigated and developed for towns and agriculture. Dams were built, and pipe networks extended both for supply and waste water management. The management paradigms in Australia were essentially extensions of European strategies with the minor adaptions due to climate and hydrogeology. During the 1970s and 1980s in Australia, it was realised increasingly that a knowledge of groundwater and hydrogeological processes were critical to pollution prevention, the development of sound waste management and the problems of salinity. Many millions of dollars have been both saved and generated as a consequence. This is especially in relation to domestic waste management and the disposal of aluminium refinery waste in New South Wales. Major institutional changes in public sector water management are occurring in Australia. Upheveals and change have now reached ail states in Australia with various approaches being followed. Market thinking, corporatisation, privatisation, internationalisation, downsizing and environmental pressures are all playing their role in this paradigm shift. One casualty of this turmoil is the progressive erosion of the public sector skillbase and this may become a serious issue should a public health crisis occur such as a water borne disease. Such crises have arisen over recent times. A complete rethink of the urban water cycle is going on right now in Australia both at the State and Federal level. We are on the threshold of significant change in how we use and manage water, both as a supply and a waste transporter in Urban environments especially. Substantial replacement of the pipe system will be needed in 25 to 30 years time and this will cost billions of dollars. The competition for water between imgation needs and environmental requirements in Australia and overseas will continue to be an issue in rural areas. This will be especially heightened by the rising demand for irrigation produced food as the world's population grows. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in the emerging S.E Asian countries are currently producing considerable demands for water management skills and Infrastructure development. This trend e expected to grow. There are also severe water shortages in the Middle East to such an extent that wars may be fought over water issues. Environmental public health crises and shortages will help drive the trends.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.623-634
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• 2022

하천 주변 친수구역 조성, 4대강 사업 등과 같은 하천정비 사업으로 인해 하천의 흐름특성은 계속적으로 변동하고 있으며, 각종 오염물질 유입으로 인한 수질사고의 위험이 높아지고 있다. 수질사고 발생시 하천의 흐름특성을 고려해 오염물질의 농도 및 도달시간을 예측해 신속한 방제작업으로 하류로의 영향을 최소화해야한다. 이러한 오염물질의 거동을 추적하기 위해서는 하천의 구간별 확산계수, 분산계수 산정이 필요하며 그중 분산계수는 용존성 오염물질의 확산범위 해석에 사용된다. 오염물질의 거동을 추적하기 위한 기존 실험적 연구사례들은 많은 인력과 비용이 소요되고, 한정적인 장비의 운용으로 공간적으로 높은 해상도의 자료 취득이 어려웠다. 최근에는 RGB드론을 이용한 오염물질의 추적연구가 수행되었지만, RGB영상 역시 분광정보를 한정적으로 수집한다는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구들의 한계점들을 보완하기 위해 드론을 활용한 원격탐사 플랫폼에 초분광센서를 탑재하여 기존 접촉식 측정보다 시간적, 공간적으로 고해상도의 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 시공간(Spatio-temporal) 초분광영상을 활용해 추적자의 농도를 산정하고, 횡분산계수를 도출하였다. 향후 연구를 통해 드론 플랫폼의 한계를 극복하고, 분산계수 산정 기술을 고도화하면 수계로 유출되는 각종 오염물질의 감지 및 다양한 수질항목 및 하천인자의 변화량 감지가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.