• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.878-883
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• 2002

Due to rising trend of beef demand in Asia in the next two decades it is necessary to find additional sources of beef supply. In most Southeast Asian countries, male dairy and swamp buffalo have not yet been raised for a primary purpose of quality beef production. This study was aimed to compare growth and feeding performances as well as economic returns from feeding male dairy, beef cattle and swamp buffalo for quality beef. Thirty-six animals, 12 of each breed group, were used in feeding trial to compare the cost of beef production. Two levels of concentrate feeding, 1.75% of body weight (BW) and 1.00% of BW, were used for each breed group in order to compare feeding methods i.e. high and low levels. Within each breed group two animals of similar initial BW were randomly assigned to the two levels of feeding. The animals were fed from about 150 kg BW until reaching the final weight of about 400 kg. The results from this study showed that under the prevailing economic conditions in Thailand the cost of beef production from buffalo was lowest due to very low cost of feeder stocks, followed by dairy and beef. However, the cost of feeding per kg of BW gain was lowest in beef and highest in buffalo i.e. when disregarding the differences in cost of feeder stocks. Beef calves grew faster than dairy and buffalo, with better feed efficiencies. The results indicated that beef cattle could be more suitable for beef production for high-quality beef market, while buffalo could be more suitable for small farms where high roughage feeding is common. Male dairy calves appeared to require higher level of concentrate feeding than 1% BW in order to maintain good body conditions.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.495-519
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• 2023

The drone serves the customers not served by vans. At the same time, considering the safety, policy and terrain as well as the need to replace the battery, the drone needs to be transported by truck to the identified station along with the parcel. From each such station, the drone serves a subset of customers according to a direct assignment pattern, i.e., every time the drone is launched, it serves one demand node and returns to the station to collect another parcel. Similarly, the truck is used to transport the drone and cargo between stations. This is somewhat different from the research of other scholars. In terms of the joint distribution of the drone and road vehicle, most scholars will choose the combination of two transportation tools, while we use three. The drone and vans are responsible for distribution services, and the trucks are responsible for transporting the goods and drone to the station. The goal is to optimize the total delivery cost which includes the transportation costs for the vans and the delivery cost for the drone. A fixed cost is also considered for each drone parking site corresponding to the cost of positioning the drone and using the drone station. A discrete optimization model is presented for the problem in addition to a two-phase heuristic algorithm. The results of a series of computational tests performed to assess the applicability of the model and the efficiency of the heuristic are reported. The results obtained show that nearly 10% of the cost can be saved by combining the traditional delivery mode with the use of a drone and drone stations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.808-815
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• 2010

This study is to give informations about management Situations and investment returns to someone who will newly cultivate schizandra or expand area of culture. This study used IRR, B/C Ratio and NPV for beneficial analysis. We surveyed fifty one among schizandra cultivation farmhouses in chief producing districts Gangwon Inje, Gyeongbuk Munkyung, Kyungnam Sancheong and Jeonnam Whasoon in Korea from May till September in 2009. So this study surveyed about inputted labors and materials, land price and etc. by working process to calculate producing and operating cost. Fruits of schizandra are sold from 5,000 won to 6,000 won per kg at locals. And IRR(Internal Rate of Returns), B/C Ratio and incomes ratio is calculated by three senarios 5,000 won, 5,500 won and 6,000 won per kg at locals. Discount rate is 3.00%. As the result of this study IRRs are -16.00%, -6.91%, 0.40% one after another and B/C Ratios are 0.81, 0.89, 0.97 one after another. And schizandra cultivation isn't profitable. When price of schizandra fruits is 6,200 won per kg, IRR is 3.00% and B/C Ratio is 1.00. Therefore, if price of schizandra fruits is over 6,200 won per kg, we judge that it is profitable. And income ratio is 23.9% on 6,200 won per kg.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.107-112
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to give ROI information about management status and investment returns to someone who will newly cultivate Rhus verniciflura and expand area of Rhus verniciflura cultivation. In this study, IRR (Internal Rate of Returns), B/C Ratio and NPV are applied for ROI analysis. We basically surveyed thirty household among Rhus verniciflura cultivation farmhouses in chief producing districts Won-ju in Gang- Won, Ok-Cheon in Chung-Buk, Ham-Yang in Gyeong-Nam in Korea from May until October in 2011. Hence, the research surveyed these farmers about production cost, management cost, input labors and materials, land price and etc. by working process to calculate production and operation cost. As the result of farm survey, the result of the analysis shows income rate 27.76%, B/C Ratio 2.5, and NPV 121,830,831 won in $16,500m^2$ with 10 years period when local price of Rhus verniciflura is 2,200,000 won/3.75 kg at locals with 3% discount rate is applied. Therefore, starting open field cultivation of Rhus verniciflura, which requires intensive labor or expanding the cultivation area needs more labor force.

• IE interfaces
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2009

An effective management for reverse flows of products such as reuse, repair and disposal, has become an important issue for every aspect of business. In this paper, we study the Location-Routing Problem (LRP) in the multi-stage closed-loop supply chain network. The closed-loop supply chain in this study integrated both forward and reverse flows. In forward flow, a factory, Distribution Center (DC) and retailer are considered as usual. Additionally in reverse flow, we consider the Central Returns collection Center (CRC) and disposal facility. We propose a mixed integer programming model for the design of closed-loop supply chain integrating both forward and reverse flows. Since the LRP belongs to an NP-hard problem, we suggest a heuristic algorithm based on genetic algorithm. For some test problems, we found the optimal locations and routes by changing the numbers of retailers and facility candidates. Furthermore, we compare the efficiencies between open-loop and closed-loop supply chain networks. The results show that the closed-loop design is better than the open one in respect to the total routing distance and cost. This phenomenon enlarges the cut down effect on cost as an experimental space become larger.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.195-204
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• 2015

In this paper, the development of a cost-effective active power filter/uninterruptible power supply (APF/UPS) system with seamless mode transfer is described. The proposed scheme employs a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) voltage-source inverter and has two operational modes. First, when the source voltage is normal, the system operates as an APF, which compensates for the harmonics and power factor while boosting the DC-link voltage to be ready for the disturbance, without an additional DC charging circuit. A simple algorithm to detect the load current harmonics is also proposed. Second, when the source voltage is out of the normal range (owing to sag, swell, or outage), it operates a UPS, which controls the output voltage constantly by discharging the DC-link capacitor. Furthermore, a seamless transfer method for the single-phase inverter between the APF mode and the UPS mode is also proposed, in which an IGBT switch with diodes is used as a static bypass switch. Dissimilar to a conventional SCR switch, the IGBT switch can implement a seamless mode transfer. During the UPS operation, when the source voltage returns to the normal range, the system operates as an APF. The proposed system has good transient and steady-state response characteristics. The APF, charging circuit, and UPS systems are implemented in one inverter system. Finally, the validity of the proposed scheme is investigated with simulated and experimental results for a prototype APF/UPS system rated at 3 kVA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.95-107
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• 2002

Congestion and increasing returns to scale in the use of and in the provision of transportation facilities have been biggest challenges to policy makers. In order to counter these problems and thereby to promote economic efficiency, optimal congestion tax and marginal cost pricing are separately and strongly recommended for each case. In this paper, however, we show that they are valid only in Partial equilibrium context in which only the corresponding market is considered. We set up a formal general equilibrium model and prove that the recommended policies are not in general effective. We continue to give particular examples which show the invalidity of each policy and continue to show that in the same examples, there exist better but unconventional policies. Based on these findings we strongly suggest to employ quantify restricting policy measure or to find second-best pricing policies.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2014

This paper is to develop and estimate a closed form inflation model using the estimates for real marginal costs in manufacturing industries during the sample period 1975-2010. The production function in manufacturing industry incorporates labor, capital, domestic material, and foreign material, assuming constant returns to scale technology and AR(1) process of technological coefficient. We derive real marginal costs from firm's cost minimization with quarterly data and provide new evidences on the new Keynesian Phillips curve for Korea. The main empirical result is that the closed form coefficients ${\delta}_1$ and ${\delta}^{-1}_2$ in manufacturing for PPI inflation proved to be 0.5086 and 0.8779 respectively, similar to the estimates in the U.S. case. These results also are consistent with the functional relationship between the coefficients in hybrid model and its closed form. Thus the paper suggests that the empirical studies on inflation dynamics need to focus on the manufacturing industry with market power, treating PPI inflation as the dependent variable.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.749-759
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• 2020

Over the years, numerous Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have been vigorously established across many countries. Even though the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled companies to anchorage business returns, most Indonesian MSMEs are highly susceptible to failure and one of the main issues is the inability to manage their financials effectively. The literature on accounting points out that the success of MSMEs owing to the usage of cloud-based Accounting Information Systems (AIS) or Cloud Accounting (CA) could reduce the rate of failure by managing multiple accounting information at a low cost. Although many benefits exist, Indonesian MSMEs are not adopting these platforms in their daily business activities. This study investigates the factors that influence Indonesian MSMEs' intention to adopt CA. The study is directed by unstructured in-depth interviews with seven bestseller MSMEs where a thematic analysis technique was employed to identify them. The interview findings and prevailing literature on the influencing factors based on the TOE (technological, organizational, and environmental) framework to adopt CA in Indonesian MSMEs context are perceived benefits outweighing the cost, perceived compatibility, perceived complexity, owner-manager knowledge on accounting, organization size, competitive pressure, and informal network. The conceptual model further includes government intervention as a moderator in the model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.67-76
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• 2022

The customer demand for diverse colors in home appliances has increased. However, this has led to issues for manufacturers, such as ensuring cost effectiveness and high-level quality control. To resolve these issues, production engineers utilize computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools for injection-molding processes and assess the suitability of process parameters for products manufactured using the in-mold labeling method. CAE can solve various problems in manufacturing processes, thereby increasing production efficiency and decreasing manufacturing cost. In addition, it can be used analyze customer complaints related to surface defects, such as part differences and irregular spacing between parts, and ultimately reduce product returns. In this study, CAE was used to solve quality problems and implement the most economical manufacturing process.