• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2001

목적: CD의 발작간기 SPECT소견과 병리적 등급에 따른 MRI와 SPECT의 비교분석을 통하여 SPECT의 CD에 대한 진단적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 수술 후 병리소견에서 CD로 진단된 16명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자에서 수술 전에 발작간기 및 발작기 Tc-99m ECD SPECT를 시행하였으며 T1과 T2-강조의 MRI를 얻었고 2명의 환자에서 3차원 MRI를 얻었다. 병리적 등급은 조직학적 소견에 따라 1등급에서 3등급으로 나누었다. SPECT와 MRI에서 혈류양상과 뇌피질의 모양, 병변의 위치, 병리적 등급에 따른 서로간의 일치성을 분석하였고 각각의 검사에서 일치하지 않는 병변은 보이는 검사를 토대로 다시 재분석을 하였다. 결과: SPECT와 MRI에서 각각 38개와 27개의 병변이 관찰되었다. 발작간기 SPECT의 35개 병변은 다양한 소견을 보였는데 26개(74.3%)에서 혈류감소를 보였고 그 외 7개(20.0%)에서 혈류증가와 2개(5.7%)에서 이소성 회백질을 보였다. 정상혈류를 좌여 SPECT에서 위음성을 보인 1개의 병변은 MRI를 통해 분열뇌증임을 확인하였다. 반대로 SPECT에서는 뇌혈류 이상소견을 보였으나 MRI에서는 정상고견을 보였던 병변은 12개로 이중 4개는 SPECT결과를 토대로 MRI를 재검토한 결과 CD를 발견할 수 있었고 나머지 8개는 구조적 이상소견을 발견할 수 없었다. 26개의 병변은 SPECT와 MRI 모두에서 일치하였다. 병리적 등급에 따른 비교에서 두 가지 신경영상검사에서 일치한 병변은 등급이 낮을수록 증가하였고(G1, 75%; G2, 65% ; G3, 50%), SPECT에서만 이상소견을 보인 병변은 등급이 높을수록 증가하였다(G1, 20%; G2, 40%; G3, 50%). MRI에서만 이상소견을 보인 병변은 1등급에서만(5%) 관찰되었다. 결론: CD는 발작간기 SPECT에서 혈류감소, 혈류증가, 이소성 회백질, 위음성 등의 다양한 혈류소견을 보이지만 대부분 혈류감소로 나타나며 MRI와 병행시 간과되었던 병변을 찾는데 도움을 줄 수 있고 병리적 등급이 높을수록 SPECT에서 MRI보다 진단적 유용성을 가졌다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2011

본 연구는 전침자극이 일과성 뇌허혈이 유발된 흰쥐 대뇌피질에서 GFAP으로 표지되는 반응성 별아교세포증에 미치는 효과를 동정하기위해서 시행되었다. 실험동물은 전침자극군과 대조군으로 구분하였고, 다시 각 집단을 1일, 3일, 7일 군으로 나누어 각기 15마리씩 무작위 배분하여 실험에 사용하였다. 전침은 인체의 족삼리, 곡지, 음릉선에 상응하는 부위에 자침하고 2 Hz의 근육수축이 현저히 보일 때까지 고강도 (1mA)를 자극하였으며, 전침은 연속파, 직각파, 0.2 ms duration으로 매일 1회 오전 10~12시에 10 분 씩 총 10 회 시행한 뒤, 뇌의 조직절편을 제작하여 GFAP에 대한 면역조직화학염색을 실시해 다음과 같은 결과를 산출 하였다. GFAP의 발현은 뇌허혈로 인해 손상이 유발된 대뇌피질의 혈관주위 및 대뇌피질에서 현저하게 높은 수준으로 관찰되었다. 실험군에서 면역조직화학적으로 표지된 별아교세포들을 계수한 바, 대조군에 비해 뇌허혈이 유발된 1 일 군에서 전침자극군이 약간 감소하였고, 3 일 후에는 현저히 감소하였으며, 7 일 후에는 그 감소정도가 둔화되는 양상을 나타냈다. 대조군에 비해 전침자극군에서 GFAP으로 표지된 별모양아교세포의 수가 모두 감소한 것은 전침자극에 의해 손상의 정도가 감소하여, 전침자극이 신경가소성을 유발시키고 있다는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1234-1243
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• 2011

맥문동(Liriope platyphylla)은 동양의학에서 오래 동안 항염증제, 당뇨 혹은 비만 치료제, 그리고 신경세포활성화 약제로 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 맥문동으로부터 NGF의 발현을 촉진하는 새로운 물질을 개발하고 이들의 작용기전을 밝히기 위하여 맥문동으로부터 13가지의 새로운 추출물을 확보하고 이들의 기능을 세포주와 마우스 실험을 통해 분석하였다. 그 결과, 상대적으로 세포독성이 낮고 NGF의 분비량이 많은 LP-E, LP-M, LP-M50, LP2E17PJ 등 4가지 추출물을 확보하였다. 또한 이들 중에서 LP2E17PJ를 제외한 3가지 추출물에 의해 분비된 NGF는 PC12세포의 neuritic outgrowth를 촉진하였다. 더불어 추출방법과 추출량의 측면에서 효과적인 LP-M을 C57BL/6 마우스에 2주간 투여하여 뇌조직에서 NGF mRNA의 발현을 확인하였다. LP-M은 오직 피질에서만 두 종류의 receptor 중에서 low affinity receptor를 통한 억제신호를 전달하였으며, 해마에서는 유의적인 변화를 유도하지 못했다. 그러나 high affinity receptor를 통한 신호전달은 해마에서만 활성화 신호를 전달하였고 피질에서는 변화를 유도하지 못했다. 이러한 결과는 맥문동 추출물인 LP-M은 마우스 대뇌의 해마에서 high affinity receptor를 통한 신호전달을 통해 neuritic outgrowth를 촉진함을 확인하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

The present study was designed to explore the immunotoxic effects of orally administered aluminum (AI) on pregnant rats (n = 60) and their growing fetuses and consequently on the animal wealth. The animals were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 20 rats each. The first group has no treatment and kept as a control (G1). The second and third groups of pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum chloride at 345 mg/Kg b.wt. The second group (G2) received the tested compound from the $6^{th}$ day of gestation to the end of weaning, whereas the third group (G3) received the tested compound from the $15^{th}$h day of gestation to the end of weaning. Control and treated animals (dams and offspring) were immunized ip with (0.5 ml) 20% sheep red blood cell (SRBC) suspension seven days before the end of experiments. At the end of exposure, ten dams and ten offspring from each group were used for assessment of cell-mediated immunity and a similar number of animals were sacrificed for evaluating the humoral immune response and serum protein profile. Aluminum chloride exposure of dams ($G_2&G_3$) caused significant suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immune responses in the obtained offsprings compared to the control group ($G_1$) without any significant effect on the immune responses of these dams. Moreover, the serum total globulins, albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio and gamma globulin fraction were significantly decreased in the treated dam's offsprings compared to the corresponding controls while the serum total protein and all serum protein fractions showed non significant difference between the control and treated dams and between the two treated dam groups themselves. There were no histopathological changes observed in thymus, spleen and liver of the control and treated dams. Thymus of treated dam's offsprings (G2) showed lymphoid depletion in both cortex and medulla. Their spleens showed lymphoid depletion in the white pulps and congestion with hemosiderosis in the red pulps. Liver of treated dam's offsprings showed dilation and congestion of its central vein with degenerative changes in the hepatocytes. These histopathological changes were more severe in G2 than in G3 offsprings. It can be concluded that gestational and/ or lactation exposure of pregnant dams to AI chloride caused suppression of both cellular and humoral immune responses of their offsprings.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.609-613
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• 2009

It has been reported that selenoprotein W (SelW) mRNA is highly expressed in the developing central nerve system of rats, and its expression is maintained until the early postnatal stage. We here found that SelW protein significantly increased in mouse brains of postnatal day 8 and 20 relative to embryonic day 15. This was accompanied by increased expression of SOD1 and SOD2. When the expression of SelW in primary cultured cells derived from embryonic cerebral cortex was knocked down with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), SelW siRNA-transfected neuronal cells were more sensitive to the oxidative stress induced by treatment of $H_2O_2$ than control cells. TUNEL assays revealed that $H_2O_2$-induced apoptotic cell death occurred at a higher frequency in the siRNA-transfected cells than in the control cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that SelW plays an important role in protection of neurons from oxidative stress during neuronal development.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2003

Objective: The expression of CRF(corticotropin releasing factor), CRF-R(receptor) and CRF-BP(binding protein) in CNS neurons projecting to the stomach and ST36 using the pseudorabies virus in the rat was investigated. Methods: After survival times of 5 days following injection of PRV-Ba-Gal, The thirty rats were perfused, and their brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV-Ba-Gal histochemical staining method and(or) CRF, CRF-R and CRF-BP immunohistochemical method. The common expressed areas of the brain projecting to the stomach and zusanli(ST36) following injection of PRV-Ba-Gal were observed with light microscope. Results: 1) The dense accumulation of CRF-immunoreactive terminals is seen in the area postrema, n. tractus solitarius, external zone of the median eminence, with some immunoreactive CRF also present in the internal zone. 2) Aggregates of CRF-R immunoreactive perikarya are found in area postrema, n. tractus solitarius, lateral reticular n., gigantocellular reticular n., locus coeruleues, paraventricular n. of hypothalamus, median eminence, preoptic n., arcuate n. and hind limb area of cerebral cortex. 3) Aggregates of CRF-BP immunoreactive perikarya are found in area postrema, n. tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular n., locus coeruleues, paraventricular n. of hypothalamus, median eminence and arcuate n.. Conclusions : These results suggest that PRV-Ba-Gal labeled areas projecting to stomach and ST36 may be related to the central autonomic pathways. A part of CNS neurons projecting to the stomach and ST36 were related to expression of CRF, CRF-R and CRF-BP related to the stress in central autonomic center.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제2권6호
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• pp.677-685
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of neonatal stress on behavior and neurochemistry, rats were exposed to the footshock stress on postnatal day (PND) 14 or PNDs 14 and 21. Rats were exposed to uncontrollable electric shocks delivered to the floor with a constant current (0.8 mA) for 5 sec period. Daily sessions consisted of 60 trials on a random time schedule with an average of 55 sec. The first exposure to footshocks on PND 14 decreased body weight gain for 1 day. However, the second exposure to footshocks on PND 21 did not affect body weight gain. Exploratory activity was measured by exposing a rat to a novel environment 24 h after experience of footshocks. Similar to the body weight changes, a decreased activity was noted after the first exposure to footshocks, while no changed activity was noted after the second exposure to footshocks. However, the Bmax value of $5-HT_{2A/2C}$ receptors in the cortex decreased by the second exposure to footshocks, but not by the first exposure to footshocks. Moreover, an autoradiographic study revealed that the density of $[^3H]dexamethasone$ binding in hippocampus decreased in rats exposed to footshocks 4 times during PND $14{\sim}20.$ These results suggest that the uncontrollable footshock stress changes 5-hydroxytryptamine and glucocorticoid receptor systems acutely and that the repeated exposure to the same stress may not elicit behavioral alterations by the compensatory activity of young brain although changes in some neurochemistry exist.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2017

In this paper, a $4{\times}32$-channel neural recording system capable of acquiring neural signals is introduced. Four 32-channel neural recording ICs, complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), a micro controller unit (MCU) with USB interface, and a PC are used. Each neural recording IC, implemented in $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS technology, includes 32 channels of analog front-ends (AFEs), a 32-to-1 analog multiplexer, and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The mid-band gain of the AFE is adjustable in four steps, and have a tunable bandwidth. The AFE has a mid-band gain of 54.5 dB to 65.7 dB and a bandwidth of 35.3 Hz to 5.8 kHz. The high-pass cutoff frequency of the AFE varies from 18.6 Hz to 154.7 Hz. The input-referred noise (IRN) of the AFE is $10.2{\mu}V_{rms}$. A high-resolution, low-power ADC with a high conversion speed achieves a signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 50.63 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 63.88 dB, at a sampling-rate of 2.5 MS/s. The effectiveness of our neural recording system is validated in in-vivo recording of the primary somatosensory cortex of a rat.

• BMB Reports
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.651-656
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• 2008

A mouse with cataract, Kec, was generated from N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis. Cataract in the Kec mouse was observable at about 5 weeks after birth and this gradually progressed to become completely opaque by 12 weeks. Dissection microscopy revealed that vacuoles with a radial or irregular shape were located primarily in the cortex of the posterior and equatorial regions of the lens. At the late stage, the lens structure was distorted, but not ruptured. This cataract phenotype was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. We performed a genetic linkage analysis using 133 mutant and 67 normal mice produced by mating Kec mutant (BALB/c) and F1 (C57BL/6 $\times$ Kec) mice. The Kec locus was mapped to the 3 cM region encompassed by D14Mit34 and D14Mit69. In addition we excluded coding sequences of 9 genes including Rcbtb2, P2ry5, Itm2b, Med4, Nudt15, Esd, Lcp1, Slc25a30, and 2810032E02Rik as the candidate gene that causes cataract in the Kec mouse.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.513-519
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• 1999

Direct exposure of renal tubular brush-border membranes (BBM) to free cadmium (Cd) causes a reduction in phosphate (Pi) transport capacity. Biochemical mechanism of this reduction was investigated in the present study. Renal proximal tubular brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated from rabbit kidney outer cortex by Mg precipitation method. Vesicles were exposed to $50{\sim}200\;{\mu}M\;CdCl_2$ for 30 min, then the phosphate transporter activity was determined. The range of Cd concentration employed in this study was comparable to that of the unbound Cd documented in renal cortical tissues of Cd-exposed animals at the time of onset of renal dysfunction. The rate of sodium-dependent phosphate transport $(Na^+-Pi\;cotransport)$ by BBMV was determined by $^{32}P-Iabeled$ inorganic phosphate uptake, and the number of $Na^+-Pi$ cotransporters in the BBM was assessed by Pi-protectable $^{14}C-labeled$ phosphonoformic acid $([^{14}C]PFA)$ binding. The exposure of BBMV to Cd decreased the $Na^+-Pi$ cotransport activity in proportion to the Cd concentration in the preincubation medium, but it showed no apparent effect on the Pi-protectable PFA binding. These results indicate that an interaction of renal BBM with free Cd induces a reduction in $Na^+-Pi$ cotransport activity without altering the carrier density in the membrane. This, in turn, suggest that the suppression of phosphate transport capacity $(V_{max})$ observed in Cd-treated renal BBM is due to a reduction in $Na^+-Pi$ translocation by existing carriers, possibly by Cd-induced fall in membrane fluidity.