• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 1997

Fecal samples were collected from 47 calves with diarrhea and 12 clinically normal co-h-abitants, and tested for virus using MDBK cell cultures. Three cytopathic viruses were isolated from 8 fecal samples obtained from diarrheic calves. The isolated viruses were neutralized by bovine coronavirus hyperimmune serum In plaque reduction assay and were detected in the cytoplasm of MDBK cell by bovine coronavirus hyperimmune serum using immunofluorescence staining. The viruses agglutinated mouse erythrocytes only among the various animal erythrocytes tested and new isolates were identified as bovine coronavirus.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2006

The sudden appearance and potential lethality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in humans has resulted in a focusing of new attention on the determination of both its origins and evolution. The relationship existing between SARS-CoV and other groups of coronaviruses was determined via analyses of phylogenetic trees and comparative genomic analyses of the coronavirus genes: polymerase (Orflab), spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). Although the coronaviruses are traditionally classed into 3 groups, with SARS-CoV forming a $4^{th}$ group, the phylogenetic position and origins of SARS-CoV remain a matter of some controversy. Thus, we conducted extensive phylogeneitc analyses of the genes common to all coronavirus groups, using the Neighbor-joining, Maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Our data evidenced largely identical topology for all of the obtained phylogenetic trees, thus supporting the hypothesis that the relationship existing between SARS-CoV and group 2 coronavirus is a monophyletic one. Additional comparative genomic studies, including sequence similarity and protein secondary structure analyses, suggested that SARS-Co V may bear a closer relationship with group 2 than with the other coronavirus groups. Although our data strongly suggest that group 2 coronaviruses are most closely related with SARS-CoV, further and more detailed analyses may provide us with an increased amount of information regarding the origins and evolution of the coronaviruses, most notably SARS-CoV.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

In order to evaluation of prevalence of rotavirus and/or coronavirus, forty suckling Korean indigenous calves (between 2 and 98 days old) with acute diarrhea were investigated by the immunochromatographic rapid test in the field (veterinary practice) on October and on December 2006. Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected in 13 (32.5%) and 8 (20.0%) of the fecal samples from diarrheal calves, respectively. The highest mortality rate in diarrheal calves occurred in the neonatal period from 2 to 7 days old. Totally, 40.0% of diarrheal calves showing acute enteritis were not detected with rotavirus and/or coronavirus. The rotavirus infection rate was significantly difference (p<0.05) between October and December, and the detection rate of rotavirus was bigger than that of coronavirus. These results suggested that rotavirus can be frequently associated with acute diarrhea of suckling calves and affected with changes of temperature.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2021

The aim of our paper was to present current knowledge, review literature and available practice guidelines of international hepatological associations regarding the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 coronavirus on the liver, patients with underline liver disease, awaiting on liver transplantation (LTx) or being after LTx in the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 area.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.119-124
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• 2020

A cluster of severe pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was isolated from lower respiratory tract sample as the causative agent. The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 rapidly spread into at least 114 countries and killed more than 4,000 people by March 11 2020. WHO officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. There have been 2 novel coronavirus outbreaks in the past 2 decades. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003 caused by SARS-CoV had a case fatality rate of around 10% (8,098 confirmed cases and 774 deaths), while Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV killed 861 people out of a total 2,502 confirmed cases between 2012 and 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize known-to-date information about SARS-CoV-2, transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and clinical features.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.42
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• pp.12.1-12.9
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• 2020

Coronavirus is an enveloped virus with positive-sense single-stranded RNA. Coronavirus infection in humans mainly affects the upper respiratory tract and to a lesser extent the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from relatively mild (similar to the common cold) to severe (bronchitis, pneumonia, and renal involvement). The disease caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was called Covid-19 by the World Health Organization in February 2020. Face-to-face communication and consistent exposure to body fluids such as blood and saliva predispose dental care workers at serious risk for 2019-nCoV infection. As demonstrated by the recent coronavirus outbreak, information is not enough. During dental practice, blood and saliva can be scattered. Accordingly, dental practice can be a potential risk for dental staff, and there is a high risk of cross-infection. This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.283-290
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• 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is a major coronavirus that infects humans with human Coronavirus (HuCoV)-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). SARS-CoV2 is currently a global pandemic pathogen. In this study, we developed conventional RT-PCR based diagnostic system for the detection of SARS-CoV2 which is relatively inexpensive but has high stability and a wide range of users. Three conventional RT-PCR primer sets capable of forming specific band sizes by targeting the ORF1ab [232 nucleotide (nt)], E (200 nt) and N (288 nt) genes of SARS-CoV2 were developed, respectively, and it were confirmed to be about 10~100 times higher detection sensitivity than the previously reported methods. In addition, a standard positive control that can generate specific amplicons by reacting with the developed RT-PCR primers and verify the false-positiv from contamination of the laboratory was produced. Therefore, the diagnostic system that uses the RT-PCR method is expected to be used to detect SARS-CoV2.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.101-111
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• 2021

The world is going through the most unprecedented time with the outbreak of novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has become a threat to millions. A Coronavirus is a group of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds leading to a range of illnesses in humans including common cold and more severe forms like severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and COVID-19, which are life-threatening. The virus gets its name from its shape which takes the form of a crown with protrusions around it. In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in the Wuhan City of China, which was later traced to a novel strain of Coronavirus and termed as Novel COVID-19. It typically causes flu-like symptoms including fever, cough and shortness of breath and is transmitted through human-to-human and there is no cure for it till now. Thus, this bibliometric study has been carried out to analyze the research progress in Coronavirus and literature published during a period of 30 years (1989-2019). Data for the study were fetched from Web of Science(WoS) multidisciplinary database and the publication trends in terms of total articles, productive countries, institutions, journals, productive authors, most cited articles and authors, etc have been analyzed. In total, 4917 articles were retrieved; these were from 711 sources and were contributed by 14442 authors. The collaboration index was 3.11, which clearly indicates that there has been a lot of collaboration in this field. The most preferred journal for the study period was "Journal of Virology" and the maximum contribution has been from the University of Hong Kong.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.581-588
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• 1998

Eight monoclonal antibodies(MAbs) against bovine coronavirus(BCV) were produced and characterized. Three MAbs(1G9, 4H12, 5C1) specific to the S glycoprotein and two HE glycoprotein-specific MAbs(2A5, 5G4) were found to neutralize the BCV in fluorescence focus neutralization(FFN) test. Two HE-specific MAbs from the neutralizing MAbs inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of the BCV. None of the N protein-specific MAbs(1C1, 5A12, 6H1) neutralized the virus infectivity. Bovine coronavirus and mouse hepatitis virus, which belong to group II coronaviruses, were differentiated from other groups of coronaviruses(porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, canine coronavirus) by all MAbs in fluorescence antibody test(FA), but not in FFN test.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 1992

Post-translational modifications of the nucleocapsid protein of bovine coronavirus (Quebec strain) were investigated. Coronavirions were radiolabelled in vivo with inorganic $[^{32}P]$orthophosphate and analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by autoradiography. A single polypeptide with a migration rate of 55 KDa was identified by metabolic phosphate labelling, demonstrating that the nucleocapsid protein of bovine coronavirus was a phosphoprotein. A gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein was inserted immediately downstream from the polyhedrin promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus. Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with this recombinant baculovirus synthesized a 55 KDa polypeptide, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody. The recombinant nucleocapsid protein synthesized in Spodoptera cells could also be labelled by $[^{32}P]$orthophosphate. Phosphoamino acid analysis showed that both serine and threonine residues were phosphorylated in authentic, as well as in recombinant nucleocapsid proteins, with a relative phosphorylation ratio of 7:3. Our studies demonstrated that the nucleocapsid protein of bovine coronavirus was a serine and threonine-phosphorylated protein and that Spodoptera insect cells were able to properly phosphorylate the relevant foreign proteins.