• 제목/요약/키워드: Corn silage

검색결과 304건 처리시간 0.027초

유효적산온도에 의한 싸이리지옥수수의 파종기결정 (Determination of Sowing Date for Silage Corn Based on Growing Degree Days and Soil Temperature)

  • 최진용;주영국;송문태;오호상;안동원
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.254-258
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    • 1990
  • 발아최저온도를 근거로 조기파종 할수록 옥수수의 수량을 올릴 수 있다는 이론에 입각하여 남부지방에서 수원 19호를 조기파종할 때 몇가지 형질과 수량과의 관계를 구명하고자 1983년과 1984년의 2년에 걸쳐서 4월 13일부터 6월 2일에 걸쳐 10개의 파종기로 파종하고 그 성적을 분석하였던 바 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 파종시기가 늦어질수록 파종에서 유묘출현까지의 소요일수가 감소되는 경향이었으나 이러한 유묘출현일수와 감소효과는 지중온도의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 2. 파종에서 유묘출현기간중의 유효적수온도(GDD)는 각 파종기에서 비슷한 값을 나타냄으로써 GDD 값은 조기파종기결정 기준으로서 이용할 수 있을 것으로 보였다. 3. 파종기가 늦어질수록 영양생장기간이 짧아졌으며 이는 건물량축적에 부의 효과를 나타내었다. 4. 수량과 강수량 온도 및 수량간에는 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났으며 적산온도와 강우량이 많을수록 수량이 증가되었다. 5. 옥수수 파종기별 수량과 옥수수 발아최저온도를 고려할 때 남부지방에서 옥수수 파종기는 3월 26일$\pm$3.6일로 추정되었다.

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조사료 급여원과 영양수준이 홀스타인 육성우의 성장 및 양분 섭취량에 미치는 효과 (Effect of Levels of Nutrient on the Growing Performance and Nutrient Intake of Holstein as Influenced by Source of Roughage)

  • Sang Gi Yun;Hyeun Shup Kim;Woo Sung Kang;Jong Hwangbo
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.139-144
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    • 1993
  • 홀스타인 암소 육성우에 옥수수사일리지와 볏짚을 급여하면서 영양수준을 80, 100 그리고 12%(NRC 요구량 대비)로 급여할때 육성우의 중체량 및 영양소 섭취량을 조사하기 위하여 육성우 30두를 각 처리당 5두씩 완전임의 배치로 공시히여 체중 400kg까지 시험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 옥수수사일리지 및 볏짚급여시 육성기 최대 일당중체량은 각각 체중 200과 250kg 일때였다. 2. 체중이 증가할수록 DM, CP 및 TDN 요구량은 증가되었으며 체중 250~300kg 일때 이들 영양소 요구량이 가장 높았다. 3. 체중 250~300kg일때 체중(X)과 DM, CP, TDN 섭취량(I)과의 관계는 다음과 같다. DMI = 8.0168X - 0.0209 (r=0.7986$^{**}$) CPI = 101428X - 0.0145 (r=0.5787$^{**}$) TDNI = 6.7620X - 0.3702 (r=0.6877$^{**}$)

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Feeding strategies alter gene expression of the calpain system and meat quality in the longissimus muscle of Braford steers

  • Coria, Maria Sumampa;Reineri, Pablo Sebastian;Pighin, Dario;Barrionuevo, Maria Guadalupe;Carranza, Pedro Gabriel;Grigioni, Gabriela;Palma, Gustavo Adolfo
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.753-762
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    • 2020
  • Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of supplementing pasture-finished steers with corn silage on the expression level of the calpain system proteins and beef tenderization. Methods: Thirty Braford steers grazing on summer pasture were used for the study. For 120 days fifteen animals were supplemented with corn silage at 1% of body weight per head per day (Suppl) whereas the remaining 15 steers only received pasture (Contr). Carcass and meat traits were evaluated and compared between groups. Gene expression and activities of proteases (calpain 1 and calpain 2) and inhibitor (calpastatin) were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and casein zymography. Results: Carcass and meat traits were significantly different between feeding systems. Supplemented steers showed higher hot carcass weight (p<0.01), fat content (p = 0.02), and Warner-Bratzler shear force (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the control group showed higher protease:inhibitor ratios, at mRNA (p = 0.01) and protein levels (p<0.10). Warner-Bratzler shear force and mRNA calpains:calpastatin ratio were associated in both feeding systems (p<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in the study, beef tenderness differences among finishing strategies could be modulated through differential expression of the calpain system proteins.

Effects of Aspergillus Oryzae Culture and 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)-Butanoic Acid on In vitro Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Populations between Different Roughage Sources

  • Sun, H.;Wu, Y.M.;Wang, Y.M.;Liu, J.X.;Myung, K.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제27권9호
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    • pp.1285-1292
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    • 2014
  • An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture (AOC) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) on rumen fermentation and microbial populations between different roughage sources. Two roughage sources (Chinese wild rye [CWR] vs corn silage [CS]) were assigned in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement with HMB (0 or 15 mg) and AOC (0, 3, or 6 mg). Gas production (GP), microbial protein (MCP) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) were increased in response to addition of HMB and AOC (p<0.01) for the two roughages. The HMB and AOC showed inconsistent effects on ammonia-N with different substrates. For CWR, neither HMB nor AOC had significant effect on molar proportion of individual VFA. For CS, acetate was increased (p = 0.02) and butyrate was decreased (p<0.01) by adding HMB and AOC. Increase of propionate was only occurred with AOC (p<0.01). Populations of protozoa ($p{\leq}0.03$) and fungi ($p{\leq}0.02$) of CWR were differently influenced by HMB and AOC. Percentages of F. succinogenes, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens (p<0.01) increased when AOC was added to CWR. For CS, HMB decreased the protozoa population (p = 0.01) and increased the populations of F. succinogenes and R. albus ($p{\leq}0.03$). Populations of fungi, F. succinogenes (p = 0.02) and R. flavefacien (p = 0.03) were increased by adding AOC. The HMB${\times}$AOC interactions were noted in MCP, fungi and R. flavefacien for CWR and GP, ammonia-N, MCP, total VFA, propionate, acetate/propionate (A/P) and R. albus for CS. It is inferred that addition of HMB and AOC could influence rumen fermentation of forages by increasing the number of rumen microbes.

Characterization of culturable yeast species associating with whole crop corn and total mixed ration silage

  • Wang, Huili;Hao, Wei;Ning, Tingting;Zheng, Mingli;Xu, Chuncheng
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.198-207
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    • 2018
  • Objective: This study investigated the association of yeast species with improved aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silages with prolonged ensiling, and clarified the characteristics of yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration. Methods: Whole crop corn (WCC) silages and TMR silages formulated with WCC were ensiled for 7, 14, 28, and 56 d and used for an aerobic stability test. Predominant yeast species were isolated from different periods and identified by sequencing analyses of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain. Characteristics (assimilation and tolerance) of the yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration were investigated. Results: In addition to species of Candida glabrata and Pichia kudriavzevii (P. kudriavzevii) previously isolated in WCC and TMR, Pichia manshurica (P. manshurica), Candida ethanolica (C. ethanolica), and Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Z. bailii) isolated at great frequency during deterioration, were capable of assimilating lactic or acetic acid and tolerant to acetic acid and might function more in deteriorating TMR silages at early fermentation (7 d and 14 d). With ensiling prolonged to 28 d, silages became more (p<0.01) stable when exposed to air, coinciding with the inhibition of yeast to below the detection limit. Species of P. manshurica that were predominant in deteriorating WCC silages were not detectable in TMR silages. In addition, the predominant yeast species of Z. bailii in deteriorating TMR silages at later fermentation (28 d and 56 d) were not observed in both WCC and WCC silages. Conclusion: The inhibition of yeasts, particularly P. kudriavzevii, probably account for the improved aerobic stability of TMR silages at later fermentation. Fewer species seemed to be involved in aerobic deterioration of silages at later fermentation and Z. bailii was most likely to initiate the aerobic deterioration of TMR silages at later fermentation. The use of WCC in TMR might not influence the predominant yeast species during aerobic deterioration of TMR silages.

Roughage Energy and Degradability Estimation with Aspergillus oryzae Inclusion Using Daisy In vitro Fermentation

  • Chen, C.R.;Yu, B.;Chiou, P.W.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.53-62
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    • 2004
  • The aim of this study was to predict the energy value and dynamic degradation of roughage in Taiwan using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro fermentation method to provide information on one of the very important nutrients for ration formulation. The second objective was to study the effects of Aspergillus oryzae (AFE) inclusion on nutrient utilization. Three ruminal fistulated dry dairy cows were used for rumen fluid and fifteen conventional forages used in dairy cattle were collected around this island. The degradability of these feedstuffs with and without AFE ($Amaferm^{(R)}$.) treatment was measured using the $Daisy^{(R)}$. in vitro method. The roughage energy values, including TDN and NEL, were calculated according to Robinson (2000). Results from the 30 h in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability and predicted energy evaluations showed that alfalfa (among the forages) contained the highest degradability and energy values, Bermuda straw having the lowest. Peanut vines and corn silage contained higher energy values and the lowest value found in Pangola and Napier grasses among the locally produced forages. Pangola and Napier grasses had lower values than most imported forages except Bermuda straw. Among the by-products, wheat middling contained the highest NDF degradability, while rice bran contained the richest energy value due to its high oil content. From the dynamic dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation, corn silage contained the highest effective degradation among the local forages; wheat middling (among the by-products) degraded the fastest in DM, OM, ADF and NDF and showed the highest effective degradability. AFE inclusion was inconsistent among the forages. Alfalfa hay showed significantly increased 30 h NDF degradability and energy values, Pangola hay, Napier grass and brewer's grains showed decreased degradability and energy values. AFE inclusion increased the DM, OM and NDF degradation rate in most forage, but only increased the DM degradation rate in sorghum distiller's grains, the OM degradation rate in bean curd pomace and the NDF and ADF degradation rates in soy pomace (among the by-products).

Degradation Kinetics of Carbohydrate Fractions of Ruminant Feeds Using Automated Gas Production Technique

  • Seo, S.;Lee, Sang C.;Lee, S.Y.;Seo, J.G.;Ha, Jong K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.356-364
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    • 2009
  • The current ruminant feeding models require parameterization of the digestion kinetics of carbohydrate fractions in feed ingredients to estimate the supply of nutrients from a ration. Using an automated gas production technique, statistically welldefined digestion rate of carbohydrate, including soluble carbohydrate, can be estimated in a relatively easy way. In this study, the gas production during in vitro fermentation was measured and recorded by an automated gas production system to investigate degradation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of a wide range of ruminant feeds: corn silage, rice straw, corn, soybean hull, soybean meal, and cell mass from lysine production (CMLP). The gas production from un-fractionated, ethanol insoluble residue and neutral detergent insoluble residue of the feed samples were obtained. The gas profiles of carbohydrate fractions on the basis of the carbohydrate scheme of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (A, B1, B2, B3 and C) were generated using a subtraction approach. After the gas profiles were plotted with time, a curve was fitted with a single-pool exponential equation with a discrete lag to obtain kinetic parameters that can be used as inputs for modern nutritional models. The fractional degradation rate constants (Kd) of corn silage were 11.6, 25.7, 14.8 and 0.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. The values were statistically well estimated, assessed by high t-value (>12.9). The Kd of carbohydrate fractions in rice straw were 4.8, 21.1, 5.7 and 0.5%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2 fractions, respectively. Although the Kd of B2 fraction was poorly defined with a t-value of 4.4, the Kd of the other fractions showed tvalues higher than 21.9. The un-fractioned corn showed the highest Kd (18.2%/h) among the feeds tested, and the Kd of A plus B1 fraction was 18.7%/h. Soybean hull had a Kd of 6.0, 29.0, 3.8 and 13.8%/h for un-fractioned, A, B1 and B2, respectively. The large Kd of fraction B2 indicated that NDF in soybean hull was easily degradable. The t-values were higher than 20 except for the B1 fraction (5.7). The estimated Kd of soybean meal was 9.6, 24.3, 5.0%/h for un-fractioned, A and B1 fractions, respectively. A small amount of gas (5.6 ml at 48 ho of incubation) was produced from fermentation of CMLP which contained little carbohydrate. In summary, the automated gas production system was satisfactory for the estimation of well defined (t-value >12) kinetic parameters and Kd of soluble carbohydrate fractions of various feedstuffs that supply mainly carbohydrate. The subtraction approach, however, should be applied with caution for some concentrates, especially those which contain a high level of crude protein since nitrogen-containing compounds can interfere with gas production.

목초 및 사료작물 정부장려품종의 지역적응성 평가 III. 사일리지용 옥수수의 생육특성과 수량 (Evaluaton of the Government Recommended Forage Cultivars in Korea III. Forage performance of corn hybrids)

  • 김동암;최기춘;신정남;김종덕;한건준;김원호;조무환
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.315-322
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    • 1997
  • Sixteen cultivars of corn(Zea mays L.) hybrids have been recommended as the government recommended corn hybrids since 1984, however, their forage performances have been mostly tested at two locations, such as Suweon and Sunghwan in the Middle parts of Korea. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to retest the agronomic characteristics and yield of eleven of sixteen government recommended corn hybrids at five scattered locations, such as Icheon, Suweon, Sunghwan, Keonpan and Kwangju in 1993 and 1995 with the intention of improving recommendations to dairy farmers. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' was susceptible to foliar diseases and poor stay green at all locations in 1993 and 1995. Generally, all hybrids have less lodging and infection rate of rice black streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) varied by location but mostly not exceed 10%. Infection rate at Sunghwan and Kwangju among locations was the highest as 13.5 and 15.3% respectively. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' was the highest RBSDV infection rate, but that of 'Kwanganok' and '3282' was lower than other hybrids. At all locations, '3352' and '3394' were the earliest in growth stage, but 'Kwanganok', '3282', 'DK729', 'G4624' and 'DK713' were the latest among the corn hybrids. Ear percentage in total DM of '3352', '3394' and 'G4624' was higher than other hybrids, but that of 'DK713' was the lowest among the corn hybrids. '3352' and '3394' showed the most suitable DM content for silage production at harvest. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' and '3282' were the lowest DM yield at all locations in 1993 and 1995, but the highest DM yield varied by location. At Icheon, '3144W' and 'G4743', at Suweon, '3352' and '3144W, at Sunghwan, 'DK729' and '3144W', at Keongsan, '3352' and 'DK729', and at Kwangju, '3352' and 'DK689' were the highest DM yield in 1993 and 1995, respectively. Then, '3394' was higher than other hybrids at all locations in 1995. The government recommended corn hybrids tested were generally adapted across the country. However, in forage production situations where wrn should be harvested before the rainy season in late summer, earlymedium maturing corn hybrids, '3352' and '3394' might be preferred.

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흑조위축병이 심한 지역에서 파종기에 따른 사일리지용 옥수수와 수수의 건물생산성 (Forage productivity of Silage Corn and Sorghum at Differnet Planting Dates in Rice Black-Streaked Dwart Virus Prevalent Area)

  • 최상집;이석순;백준호
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 1991
  • 옥수수의 흑조위축병 발생이 심한 경화 경산에서, 흑조위축병 내병성이 다른 사일리지용 옥수수 2품종과 생육기간이 다른 사일리지용 수수 2품종을 6개 파종기(4월 l일, 4월 15일, 4월 29일, 5월 13일, 5월 27일,6월 10일)에 재배하여 옥수수는 황숙기에 1회, 수수는 유숙기에 1차 수확하고, 재생한 것은 10월 1일에 2차 수확하여 건물생산성 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다 1.입묘솔은 옥수수가 수수보다 높았다 옥수수는 품종간 및 파종기간에 입묘솔의 차이없이 91% 이상이었으나 수수는 37. 2~80.3%로서 퍼종기간에 차이가 컸다.2 파종에서 출아까지 소요일수는 작물간, 품종간에 차이가 없었으나 파종이 지연될수록 감소하였다. 출아에서 출사기(옥수수) 혹은 출수기(수수)까지 소요일수는 옥수수 두 품과 수수 P 956은 파종이 지연될수록 감소하였으나 수수P 931은 5웰 13일 이전 파종에서는 비슷하였고, 그 이후에는 파종이 늦을수록 소요일수가 현저히 증가하였다. 3 . 옥수수의 흑조위축병 이병솔은 4월 1일 파종에서 가장 높았고(광안옥 24. 8%,진내옥 63.0%), 4윌 2 29일까지는 파종이 지연될수록 감소하였다가 다시 증가하였으며, 수수는 이병되지 않았다 4 . 전식물체 중 이삭비율은 옥수수(30.6~47.9%) 가 수수(3.1~30.7%) 보다 높았고, 품종간.파종기간 차이는 옥수수에서 보다 수수에서 더 컸다. 옥수수와 수수 P 956은 수정에 지장이 없었으나 수수 P 9 931은 5월 13일 이후의 파종에서는 수정불량으로 이삭이 잘 발달하지 못하였다 5 . 조단백질과 조회분은 작물간, 품질간, 파종기간에 큰 차이가 없었다 이삭발육이 나빴던 수수 P 931은 옥수수와 P 956 보다 조섬유는 높고, 가용성 무질소물은 낮았다. 옥수수와 1차수확한 수수는 파종기간에 조섬유, 가용성 무질소물에 큰 차이가 없었으나 재생한 수수는 파종이 늦을수록 조섬유와 가용성 무질소물은 감소하고 단백질 함량은 증가하였다 6 . 옥수수와 수수 모두 파종이 지연될수록 건물수량이 감소하였으나 진내옥은 4월 29일 파종에서 보다 그 이전의 파종에 서 수량이 더 낮았다. 옥수수의 건물수량은 수수의 1차수량과 비슷하였지만 재생한 2차수확을 합하면 재생량이 많은 4월 파종에서는 수수가 옥수수보다 건물수량이 현저히 많았다.

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조생종 사료용 옥수수 품종의 2기작 재배 시 생산성 (Productivity of Early Maturity Silage Corns during Continuous Monocropping)

  • 손범영;배환희;고영삼;김선림;신성휴
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제65권4호
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    • pp.416-425
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 최근 개발된 조생종 사료용 옥수수 품종에 대한 2기작(전기작 및 후기작)의 생육특성 및 생산성을 구명하고 조사료 생산 확대의 가능성을 검토하고자 수행하였다. 1. 파종기에서 출사기까지의 전기작 출사일수는 78일이 소요되었고 후기작은 52일이 소요되었다. 출사기에서 수확기까지의 전기작 소요일수는 26일이 소요되었고 후기작은 46일이 소요되었다. 2. 파종기에서 출사기까지의 전기작 적산온도는 1,512℃이였고 후기작은 1,246℃이었다. 전기작과 후기작 간의 적산온도는 266℃ 차이가 있었으며 후기작 적산온도가 전기작보다 적었다. 파종기에서 수확기까지의 전기작 적산온도는 2,198℃이였고 후기작은 1,951℃이었다. 전기작과 후기작 간의 적산온도는 247℃ 차이가 있었으며 후기작 적산온도가 전기작보다 적었다. 3. 건물수량은 전기작(1,637 kg/10a)과 후기작(1,565 kg/10a)이 비슷하였다. 전기작의 품종 간 건물수량은 신황옥2호(1,673 kg/10a), 신황옥(1,660 kg/10a), 광평옥(1,579 kg/10a)이 모두 비슷하였다. 후기작의 품종 간 건물수량은 신황옥(1,669 kg/10a)과 광평옥(1,651 kg/10a)이 비슷하였으며 신황옥2호(1,374 kg/10a)가 가장 적었다. TDN수량은 전기작(1,135 kg/10a)과 후기작(1,037 kg/10a)이 비슷하였다. 전기작의 품종 간 TDN수량은 신황옥2호(1,183 kg/10a), 신황옥(1,158 kg/10a), 광평옥(1,063 kg/10a)이 모두 비슷하였다. 후기작의 품종 간 TDN수량은 신황옥(1,150 kg/10a)과 광평옥(1,100 kg/10a)이 비슷하였으며 신황옥2호(970 kg/10a)가 가장 적었다. 4. 총 건물수량은 신황옥(3,329 kg/10a)과 광평옥(3,230 kg/10a)이 비슷하였으며 3품종 중에 신황옥2호(3,047 kg/10a)가 가장 적었다. 총 TDN수량은 신황옥(2,307 kg/10a), 광평옥(2,162 kg/10a), 신황옥2호(2,152 kg/10a) 모두 비슷하였다.