• Title/Summary/Keyword: Corn silage

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Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of corn stover during field exposure and the fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with microbial additives

  • Gao, Jun Lei;Wang, Peng;Zhou, Chang Hai;Li, Ping;Tang, Hong Yu;Zhang, Jia Bao;Cai, Yimin
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.12
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    • pp.1854-1863
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    • 2019
  • Objective: To effectively use corn stover resources as animal feed, we explored the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of corn stover during field exposure and the fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cellulase. Methods: Corn ears including the cobs and shucks were harvested at the ripe stage. The corn stover was exposed in the field under natural weather conditions. Silages were prepared after 0, 2, 4, 7, 15, 30, and 60 d of exposure. Corn stover was chopped into approximately 1 to 2 cm lengths and then packed into 5 liter plastic silos. The ensiling density was $550.1{\pm}20.0g/L$ of fresh matter, and the silos were kept at room temperature ($10^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$). Silage treatments were designed as follows: without additives (control), with LAB, with cellulase, and with LAB+ cellulase. After 45 d of fermentation, the silos were opened for chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro digestion analyses. Results: After harvest, corn stover contained 78.19% moisture, 9.01% crude protein (CP) and 64.54% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on a dry matter (DM) basis. During field exposure, the DM, NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of corn stover increased, whereas the CP and water-soluble carbohydrate contents and in vitro digestibility of the DM and CP decreased (p<0.05). Compared to the control silage, cellulase-treated silage had lower (p<0.05) NDF and ADF contents. The pH values were lower in silage treated with LAB, cellulase, or LAB+cellulase, and lactic acid contents were higher (p<0.05) than those of the control. Silage treated with cellulase or LAB+cellulase improved (p<0.05) the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) compared to that of the control or LAB-treated silage. Conclusion: Corn stover silage should be prepared using fresh materials since stover nutrients are lost during field exposure, and LAB and cellulase can improve silage fermentation and IVDMD.

Feeding of Whole Sugar Cane to Dairy Cattle during the Dry Season

  • Suksombat, W.;Mernkrathoke, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.345-349
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    • 2005
  • A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding chopped whole sugar cane compared to corn silage on performances of dairy cows during the dry season. Twenty four Holstein Friesian crossbred (>87.5% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows in mid lactation; averaging 16.5${\pm}$2.0 kg of milk, 121${\pm}$22 days in milk, 54.5${\pm}$4.5 months old and 440${\pm}$31 kg live weight, were stratified for milk yield, days in milk, age, stage of lactation and body weight, and then randomly allocated to two treatment groups (12 cows in each group). The first group was fed corn silage together with commercial concentrate while the second group was fed chopped whole sugar cane together with commercial concentrate. All cows consumed similar DM, however, cows on corn silage consumed more CP while cows on chopped whole sugar cane consumed more $NE_{LP}$. No significant differences in performances between the two groups were observed except for final live weight and body weight change. Cows on chopped whole sugar cane showed higher final live weight and gained more weight than cows on corn silage. The present study clearly indicates that chopped whole sugar cane can be fed to lactating dairy cows, while giving similar milk yield to corn silage.

Influence of Whole Crop Corn Silage Ensiled with Poultry Manure on the Performance and Carcass Quality of Hanwoo Steers

  • Ko, Y.D.;Kim, J.H.;Kim, C.H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.8
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    • pp.1133-1137
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    • 2001
  • An experiment was conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers fed whole crop corn silage ensiled with poultry manure (PM) for 18 months. The experiment was designed as a randomized block design with three phases. Steers were allotted in one of three dietary treatments, which were ammonia-treated rice straw (AS), whole crop corn silage (CS) and whole crop corn+30% PM silage (based on DM; MS). All diets were supplemented with concentrate. Total body weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) in MS group were increased (p<0.05) by 6% over AS group. The MS treatment enhanced (p<0.05) total and daily intakes of forage compared with the AS and CS treatments while there was compensatory effect on concentrate intake by AS group. Carcass characteristics were improved by feeding MS. MS increased (p<0.05) carcass weight and marbling score (7.5 and 22.5% of AS, respectively), and reduced (p<0.05) backfat thickness (13.2 of AS and 16.6% CS). Carcass grade and meat quality grade were also improved by MS compared with AS and CS. Under the conditions of this study, MS was an efficacious replacement for corn silage for steers.

Study on Quality of Corn AG-BAG Silage Manufactured with Corn Grown in Reclaimed Paddy Field (간척지에서 수확한 옥수수 AG-BAG 사일리지의 품질에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Ki-Choon;Pyo, Hyo-Yeul;Jung, Min-Woong;Park, Hyung-Soo;Kim, Jong-Geun;Song, Chae-Eun;Baik, Kwang-Soo;Yoon, Se-Hyung;Seo, Sung;Lim, Young-Chul
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.423-430
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    • 2011
  • This study was carried out to examine the nutritive values and quality of agricultural bag (AG-BAG) silage manufactured with corn grown in reclaimed paddy field of Sukmoon at Dangjin Province in Korea. The cultivars of silage corn used in this experiment 1 were both Kwangpyungok and P32B33. The fertilizer were applied with the amounts of customary applications (200 kg N/ha, 150 kg $P_2O_5$/ha and 150 kg $K_2O$/ha). The content of moisture in corn AG-BAG silage ranged from 68 to 79%. The pH in corn AG-BAG silage stages ranged from 3.49 to 3.65 and was not influenced by the harvest time. The contents of crude protein (CP) in corn AG-BAG silage decreased with delayed harvest time. However, the contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) increased. The content of lactic acid increased with delayed harvest time, but the content of acetic acid decreased. Therefore, we suggest that the system of AG-BAG silage can improve the quality of corn silage and be one of the economical and effective methods to manufacture corn silage.

Study on No-tillage Silage Corn Production with Legume Hairy Vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth ) Cover I. Changes of soil mineral nitrogen, yeild and nitrogen uptake of corn by quantity of hairy vetch cover (헤아리베치 피복을 이용한 옥수수 무경재배에 관한 연구 I. 헤아리베치의 피복량별 토양 무기태 질소함량 , 옥수수의 수량 및 질소 흡수량의 변화)

  • 서종호;이호진
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.43-48
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    • 1998
  • No-tillage silage corn with legume hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth, HV) has renewed interest in supply of mineral N, soil erosion control at sloping land and weed control by cover of HV killed. This study was conducted to monitor concentration of soil mineral N ($NO_3^-$ -N + $NH_4^+$-N) and to find out variation of growth, yield and N uptake of silage corn according to quantity of HV cover; HV-removed, 1X-HV, 2X-HV at field of Crop Experiment Station in 1996. HV groM in early spring decreased the mineral N of soil depth 7.5 -22cm before corn seeding. But, killed HV cover increased the concentration of soil mineral N at surface soil (0-7.5cm) up to 45.4mglkg at early growth stage of corn. Dry matter(Dh4) of corn at harvest was lower in W-removed than in Okg FNlha. But DM and N uptake of corn at harvest were increased by quantity of HV-cover increasing liom HV-removed to 2X-HV. Hairy vetch could substitute N fertilizer for silage corn by N mineralized h m HV killed, but reduced early growth and N uptake of corn before silk by reducing soil mineral N of plow layer.

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Changes in microbial population and chemical composition of corn stover during field exposure and effects on silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility

  • Sun, Lin;Wang, Zhijun;Gentu, Ge;Jia, Yushan;Hou, Meiling;Cai, Yimin
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.815-825
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    • 2019
  • Objective: To effectively use corn stover resources as animal feed, the changes in microbial population and chemical composition of corn stover during field exposure, and their silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility were studied. Methods: Corn cultivars (Jintian, Jinnuo, and Xianyu) stovers from 4 random sections of the field were harvested at the preliminary dough stage of maturity on September 2, 2015. The corn stover exposed in the field for 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 d, and their silages at 60 d of ensiling were used for the analysis of microbial population, chemical composition, fermentation quality, and in vitro digestibility. Data were analyzed with a completely randomized $3{\times}6$ [corn stover cultivar $(C){\times}exposure$ d (D)] factorial treatment design. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS ver. 9.0 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results: Aerobic bacteria were dominant population in fresh corn stover. After ensiling, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) became the dominant bacteria, while other microbes decreased or dropped below the detection level. The crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) for fresh stover were 6.74% to 9.51% and 11.75% to 13.21% on a dry matter basis, respectively. After exposure, the CP and WSC contents decreased greatly. Fresh stover had a relatively low dry matter while high WSC content and LAB counts, producing silage of good quality, but the dry stover did not. Silage fermentation inhibited nutrient loss and improved the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility. Conclusion: The results confirm that fresh corn stover has good ensiling characteristics and that it can produce silage of good quality.

The effect of biogas slurry application on biomass production and the silage quality of corn

  • Hua Sun;Kai Shi;Hairong Ding;Chenglong Ding;Zhiqing Yang;Chen An;Chongfu Jin;Beiyi Liu;Zhaoxin Zhong;Xia Xiao;Fuyin Hou
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.36 no.12
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    • pp.1918-1925
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    • 2023
  • Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biogas slurry application on biomass production and the silage quality of corn. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in which corn was grown using different biogas slurry application rates. The effect of 25% to 500% biogas slurry nitrogen replacement (T1 to T14) on the yield and quality indices of corn were studied by field plot experiments. Results: The results revealed that biogas slurry application improved the stem diameter and relative feed value of corn silage in treatments T13 and T11. Moreover, the fermentation quality of corn silage was improved due to an increase in lactic acid content; in comparison with the chemical synthetic fertilizer (CF) group. The crude protein contents of corn silage had no obvious change with increasing biogas slurry application. However, the forage quality index of acid detergent fiber was decreased (p<0.05) in the T11 group compared with the CF group. In addition, higher (p<0.05) 30 h in vitro dry matter digestibility and 30 h in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility were observed in the T11 and T13 groups than in the CF group. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was concluded that the optimum biogas slurry application rate for corn was approximately 350% to 450% biogas slurry nitrogen replacement under the present experimental conditions.

Effect of additives and filling methods on whole plant corn silage quality, fermentation characteristics and in situ digestibility

  • Jiao, Ting;Lei, Zhaomin;Wu, Jianping;Li, Fei;Casper, David P.;Wang, Jianfu;Jiao, Jianxin
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.34 no.11
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    • pp.1776-1783
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    • 2021
  • Objective: This project aimed to evaluate the effects of both different additives and filling methods on nutritive quality, fermentation profile, and in situ digestibility of whole plant corn silage. Methods: Whole plant corn forage harvested at 26.72% dry matter (DM) was chopped and treated with two filling methods, i) fill silos at one time (F1), ii) fill silos at three times (F3), packing samples into one/three silo capacity at the first day, another one/three capacity at the second day, then one/three at the third day, three replicates. For each replicate, samples were treated with three additives, i) control (CTRL, no additive), ii) Sila-Max (MAX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., Marshall, MN, USA), and iii) Sila-Mix (MIX, Ralco Nutrition Inc., USA). With three replicates of each secondary treatment, there were nine silos, 54 silos in total. Each silo had a packing density of 137.61 kg of DM/m3. All silos were weighed and stored in lab at ambient temperature. Results: After 60 d of ensiling, all items showed good silage fermentation under MAX filled one time or three times (p<0.01). Higher silage quality for all additives was obtained at filling one time than that filled three times (p<0.01). The highest DM and lowest DM loss rate (DMLR) occurred to MAX treatment at two filling methods (p<0.01); Digestibility of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and curde protein had the same results as silage quality (p<0.01). Yield of digestible DM and digestible NDF also showed higher value under MAX especially for filling one time (p<0.05). Conclusion: All corn silages showed good fermentation attributes (pH<4.0). The forage filled one time had higher silage quality than that filled three times (p<0.01). MAX with homofermentative lactic acid bacteria enhanced the lactic acid fermentation, silage quality and nutrient digestibility, and so improved the digestible nutrient yield.

Community of natural lactic acid bacteria and silage fermentation of corn stover and sugarcane tops in Africa

  • Cai, Yimin;Du, Zhumei;Yamasaki, Seishi;Nguluve, Damiao;Tinga, Benedito;Macome, Felicidade;Oya, Tetsuji
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.8
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    • pp.1252-1264
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    • 2020
  • Objective: To effectively utilize crop by-product resources to address the shortage of animal feed during the dry season in Africa, the community of natural lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of corn stover and sugarcane tops and fermentation characteristics of silage were studied in Mozambique. Methods: Corn stover and sugarcane tops were obtained from agricultural field in Mozambique. Silage was prepared with LAB inoculant and cellulase enzyme and their fermentation quality and microbial population were analyzed. Results: Aerobic bacteria were the dominant population with 107 colony-forming unit/g of fresh matter in both crops prior to ensiling, while 104 to 107 LAB became the dominant bacteria during ensiling. Lactobacillus plantarum was more than 76.30% of total isolates which dominated silage fermentation in the LAB-treated sugarcane top silages or all corn stover silages. Fresh corn stover and sugarcane tops contain 65.05% to 76.10% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 6.52% to 6.77% crude protein (CP) on a dry matter basis, and these nutrients did not change greatly during ensiling. Corn stover exhibits higher LAB counts and water-soluble carbohydrates content than sugarcane top, which are naturally suited for ensiling. Meanwhile, sugarcane tops require LAB or cellulase additives for high quality of silage making. Conclusion: This study confirms that both crop by-products contain certain nutrients of CP and NDF that could be well-preserved in silage, and that they are potential roughage resources that could cover livestock feed shortages during the dry season in Africa.

Study on Manufacture of Corn Silage Using Gunny Bag (톤백을 이용한 옥수수 사일리지 조제에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Ki-Choon;Jo, Nam-Chul;Jung, Min-Woong;Lee, Kyung-Dong;Lim, Young-Chul;Kim, Won-Ho;Baek, Kwang-Soo;Kim, Maeng-Jung;Seo, Sung;Kim, Cheon-Man;Lee, Soo-Sung;Park, Kwon-Sun
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.305-314
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    • 2011
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of harvest stage of corn on the quality of gunny bag silage manufactured with corn grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2009 to 2010. Corn "Kwangpyungok" was harvested at three different growth stages (milk, yellow ripen and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. The content of crude protein (CP) of corn in gunny bag silage decreased with delayed harvest maturity, but the contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), TDN (total digestible nutrient) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were not changed with delayed harvest maturity. The contents of moisture, pH, and the nutritive values at three different harvest stages were not influenced by the method of silage manufacture and inoculant. The content of lactate in corn bag silage at milk stage was significantly increased (P<0.05), as compared with that of round baled corn silage. However, The contents of lactate in corn bag silage at yellow ripen stage and ripen stage were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Flieg's score in corn bag silage manufactured at milk stage increased as compared with that of round baled corn silage, and Flieg's score was hardly influenced by inoculant. Therefore, we suggest that manufacture method of bag silage can be new silage technique to improve the fermentation of corn silage and that smallscale stock farmer could be substituted bag silage for roll bale silage on small farm land.