DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Changes in microbial population and chemical composition of corn stover during field exposure and effects on silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility

  • Sun, Lin (Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University) ;
  • Wang, Zhijun (Inner Mongolia Institute of Grassland Surveying and Planning) ;
  • Gentu, Ge (Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University) ;
  • Jia, Yushan (Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University) ;
  • Hou, Meiling (College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University of Nationalities) ;
  • Cai, Yimin (Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS))
  • Received : 2018.07.05
  • Accepted : 2018.11.09
  • Published : 2019.06.01

Abstract

Objective: To effectively use corn stover resources as animal feed, the changes in microbial population and chemical composition of corn stover during field exposure, and their silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility were studied. Methods: Corn cultivars (Jintian, Jinnuo, and Xianyu) stovers from 4 random sections of the field were harvested at the preliminary dough stage of maturity on September 2, 2015. The corn stover exposed in the field for 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 d, and their silages at 60 d of ensiling were used for the analysis of microbial population, chemical composition, fermentation quality, and in vitro digestibility. Data were analyzed with a completely randomized $3{\times}6$ [corn stover cultivar $(C){\times}exposure$ d (D)] factorial treatment design. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS ver. 9.0 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results: Aerobic bacteria were dominant population in fresh corn stover. After ensiling, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) became the dominant bacteria, while other microbes decreased or dropped below the detection level. The crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) for fresh stover were 6.74% to 9.51% and 11.75% to 13.21% on a dry matter basis, respectively. After exposure, the CP and WSC contents decreased greatly. Fresh stover had a relatively low dry matter while high WSC content and LAB counts, producing silage of good quality, but the dry stover did not. Silage fermentation inhibited nutrient loss and improved the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility. Conclusion: The results confirm that fresh corn stover has good ensiling characteristics and that it can produce silage of good quality.

Keywords

References

  1. Cao Y, Zang Y, Jiang Z, et al. Fermentation quality and nutritive value of fresh and fermented total mixed rations containing Chinese wildrye or corn stover. Grassl Sci 2016;62:213-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12134
  2. Li D, Ni K, Pang H, Wang Y, Cai Y, Jin Q. Identification and antimicrobial activity detection of lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn stover silage. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015;28:620-31. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0439
  3. Leonardi C, Bertics S, Armentano LE. Effect of increasing oil from distillers grains or corn oil on lactation performance. J Dairy Sci 2005;88:2820-7. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72962-3
  4. Santos AO, Avila CL, Schwan RF. Selection of tropical lactic acid bacteria for enhancing the quality of maize silage. J Dairy Sci 2013;96:7777-89. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6782
  5. Lim JM, Nestor Jr KE, Kung Jr L. The effect of hybrid type and dietary proportions of corn silage on the lactation performance of high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015;98:1195-203. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8725
  6. Khan NA, Yu P, Ali M, et al. Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality. J Sci Food Agric 2015;95:238-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6703
  7. Lynch JP, O'Kiely P, Doyle EM. Yield, quality and ensilage characteristics of whole-crop maize and of the cob and stover components: harvest date and hybrid effects. Grass Forage Sci 2012;67:472-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00868.x
  8. Russell JB, Wilson DB. Why are ruminal cellulolytic bacteria unable to digest cellulose at low pH? J Dairy Sci 1996;79:1503-9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76510-4
  9. Ruppert LD, Drackley JK, Bremmer DR, Clark JH. Effects of tallow in diets based on corn silage or alfalfa silage on digestion and nutrient use by lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:593-609. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73638-8
  10. Cai Y, Ohmomo S, Ogawa M, Kumai S. Effect of NaCl-tolerant lactic acid bacteria and NaCl on the fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silage. J Appl Microbiol 1997;83:307-13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00229.x
  11. Cai Y, Benno Y, Ogawa M, Ohmomo S, Kumai S, Nakase T. Influence of Lactobacillus spp. from an inoculant and of Weissella and Leuconostoc spp. from forage crops on silage fermentation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64:2982-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.8.2982-2987.1998
  12. Cai Y, Kumai S, Ogawa M, Benno Y, Nakase T. Characterization and identification of Pediococcus species isolated from forage crops and their application for silage preparation. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:2901-6. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.65.7.2901-2906.1999
  13. Schmidt RJ, Kung Jr L. The effects of Lactobacillus buchneri with or without a homolactic bacterium on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silages made at different locations. J Dairy Sci 2010;93:1616-24. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2555
  14. AOAC. Official methods of analysis, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA: AOAC International; 1990.
  15. Robertson J, Van Soest P. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: James WPT, Theander O, editors. The analysis of dietary fibre in food, vol. 3. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1981.
  16. Kim SC, Adesogan AT. Influence of ensiling temperature, simulated rainfall, and delayed sealing on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of corn silage. J Dairy Sci 2006;89:3122-32. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72586-3
  17. Cai Y. Analysis method for silage. In: Japanase Society of Grassland Science, editors. Field and laboratory methods for grassland science. Tokyo, Japan: Thsho Printing Co., Ltd.; 2004. p. 279-82.
  18. Contreras-Govea FE, Muck RE, Mertens DR, Weimer PJ. Microbial inoculant effects on silage and in vitro ruminal fermentation, and microbial biomass estimation for alfalfa, bmr corn, and corn silages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011;163:2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.09.015
  19. Kowalski ZM, Ludwin J, Gorka P, Rinne M, Weisbjerg MR, Jagusiak W. The use of cellulase and filter bag technique to predict digestibility of forages. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014;198:49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.008
  20. Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J Agric Sci 1979;93:217-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600086305
  21. Getachew G, DePeters EJ, Robinson PH, Taylor SJ. In vitro rumen fermentation and gas production: influence of yellow grease, tallow, corn oil and their potassium soaps. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001;93:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00264-4
  22. Steel RG, Torrie JH. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach. New York, USA: Mc Graw Hill Bool Company; 1980.
  23. Fomunyam RT, Meffeja F. Maize stover in maintenance diets for sheep and goats in Cameroon. In: Preston TR, Nuwanyakpa MY, editors. Towards optimal feeding of agricultural by-products to livestock in Africa. Proceedings of a workshop held at the University of Alexandria, Egypt, October 1985. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1986.
  24. Pang H, Zhang M, Qin G, et al. Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn stovers. Anim Sci J 2011;82:642-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00894.x
  25. Keady TW, Lively FO, Kilpatrick DJ, Moss BW. Effects of replacing grass silage with either maize or whole-crop wheat silages on the performance and meat quality of beef cattle offered two levels of concentrates. Animal 2007;4:613-23.

Cited by

  1. Effects of ensiling on the quality of protein supplements for honey bees Apis mellifera vol.50, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-019-00661-4
  2. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of corn stover during field exposure and the fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with microbial additives vol.32, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0886
  3. Solid-state fermentation of ammoniated corn straw to produce feed protein and toxicological assessment of the product vol.27, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07981-4
  4. Effects of additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves silage vol.33, pp.8, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0420
  5. Extraction of cellulose from corn stover using designed ionic liquids with improved reusing capabilities vol.147, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.035