• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.358-363
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• 2005

Five crossbred beef cattle (Simmental${\times}$yellow cattle, Shantung Province) fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen and T-type cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were fed five different diets containing corn, cotton meal or soybean meal and ammoniated straw to determine the dry matter, crude protein and amino acid flows in duodenal and ileum digesta, and to calculate the regression equations between theoretical and experimental concentration of AA in duodenal digesta. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between experimental (g/d, y) and theoretical CP flows (g/d, x) at the proximal duodenum, the $R^2$-value regression equation of crude protein is very high (0.9636). The $R^2$-value regression equation of the limiting amino acid (such as Met or Lys) is high (0.7573 or 0.9252 respectively). This results indicated that we can formulate better diets fed to beef cattle according to the theoretical amino acid concentration. A mathematical model has been successfully constructed for predicting the supply of absorbed amino acids at the proximal duodenum in growing beef cattle.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.513-528
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of locally produced organic agricultural by-products to substitute imported organic feeds for organic ruminant farming. Imported organic feeds (corn grain, soybean meal, soybean seed, oat grain, barley grain, wheat grain, buckwheat, sunflower seed meal) and byproducts (rice bran, grape seed meal, rice straw, soybean hull, soybean curd, rice hull, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain) were analyzed for chemical composition and NDF, ADF, mineral, and amino acid contents and anti-nutritional factors. Dry matter, NDF and ADF contents in organic feeds were higher than those in conventional feeds. Especially, the 9.65% fat content of organic soybean meal was 6 times higher than the 1.95% fat content of conventional soybean meal. Fat contents of rice bran, grape seed meal, green kernel rice, and crushed rice grain were 25.66, 6.09, 3.57 and 1.59%, respectively. Protein contents of soybean hull and soybean curd were 14.68 and 19.87%, respectively, which are highest among organic by-products. Levels of aflatoxin in all feeds were below the safety level. Therefore, organic rice bran, green kernel rice and crushed rice as energy source, and soybean hull and soybean curd as protein source could partial replace imported feeds for organic ruminant farming.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.189-193
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• 1996

A study was conducted to estimate nutritive value of forage sources used in deer diets. Bags containing feedstuffs were incubated four times for periods up to 72 hours in two chemostats filled with ruminal fluid from deer or cattle. Parameters estimated were water-soluble and $65{\mu}m$ filterable plus insoluble digestible fractions(No. = 4) and extent of disappearance(No. = 8) of feed neutral detergent fiber(NDF). Among tested feeds, the ranking of values of these parameters were soybean hulls > alfalfa pellets > corn cobs or rice straw > cottonseed hulls or rice hulls > sawdust, indicating that soybean hulls and alfalfa pellets were more fermentable than other agricultural residues. It is possible to utilize variability among tested feeds of fraction, disappearance rate and (or) extent of DM and NDF when these feeds are used as roughage sources in deer diets.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2005

Five types of agricultural wastes were used for the production of xylanolytic enzyme by Aspergillus flavus K-03. All wastes materials supported high levels of xylanase and ${\beta}-xylosidase$ production. A high level of proteolytic activity was observed in barley and rice bran cultures, while only a weak proteolytic activity was detected in corn cob, barley and rice straw cultures. Maximum production of xylanase was achieved in basal liquid medium containing rice barn as carbon source for 5 days of culture at pH 6.5 and $25^{\circ}C$. The xylanolytic enzyme of A. flavus K-03 showed low thermostability. The times required for 50% reduction of the initial enzyme activity were 90 min at $40^{\circ}C$, 13 min at $50^{\circ}C$, and 3 min at $60^{\circ}C$. Xylanolytic activity showed the highest level at pH $5.5{\sim}10.5$ and more than 70% of the original activity was retained at pH 6.5 and 7.0. The higher stability of xylanolytic enzymes in the broad range of alkaline pH is useful for utilization of the enzymes in industrial process requiring in alkaline conditions. Moreover, the highest production of xylanolytic enzyme was obtained when 0.5% of rice bran was supplied in basal liquid medium. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a single xylanase band of approximately 28.5 kDa from the culture filtrates.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.533-540
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to determine crude protein requirements for maintenance (CPm) of growing Hanwoo steers. Eighteen Hanwoo steers (173.7kg) were allocated randomly to diets with three levels of crude protein in the concentrate by replacing ground corn with corn gluten meal: 0% (LCP), 7.2% (MCP) and 14.2% (HCP), respectively. Hanwoo steers in each treatment were fed diets containing rice straw (20%) and concentrates (80%). CP intake was 5.5, 7.8 and 10.7g/BW0.75 for LCP, MCP and HCP, respectively. Protein balance was －0.05, 2.36 and 4.07g/BW0.75 for LCP, MCP and HCP, respectively. Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and retained CP indicated that CPm was 5.56g/BW0.75. The estimate of CPm adopted by Korean Feeding Standard (2002) was almost 20% higher than that adopted by Japanese Feeding Standard for Beef Cattle (2000); this would need to be verified with more feeding trial data set including protein requirements for growth.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.533-540
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• 2011

The objectives of experiments were to compare directly the effects of synchrony of slowly fermented (corn and corn gluten meal; C-CGM) and of rapidly fermented ingredients (barley and soybean meal; B-SBM) in the rumen on starch disappearances in gastrointestinal tracts (Experiment 1) and growth performance (Experiment 2) of Hanwoo steers in the feedlot barn. In experiment 1, four Hanwoo steers ($288{\pm}21$ kg) fitted with ruminal and "T" shaped duodenal cannula were placed in one pen with Calan gate and assigned randomly to a duplicate $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. In experiment 2, eight intact Hanwoo steers ($311{\pm}8$ kg) were assigned randomly to one of two pens with Calan gate to evaluate the effect of the same diets as like in experiment 1 on growth performance. There were no differences in ruminal pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations between treatments. Percentage of apparent ruminal starch disappearance was 33.3% unit lower (p<0.05) for steers fed C-CGM than for steers fed B-SBM diets and this difference resulted in 268% higher (p<0.05) in duodenal starch flows for steers fed C-CGM diet than for steers fed B-SMB diet. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in quantity (927 vs. 400 g/d) of corn starch digested post-ruminally compared to barley starch. However, percentage of starch apparently digested post-ruminally was 8% higher (p=0.1) in steers fed fast synchrony diet with B-SBM than in steers fed slow synchrony diets with C-CGM. The differences of percentage and amount of starch apparently digested post-ruminally between C-CGM and B-SBM diets did not affect rice straw DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. In conclusion, there is some uncertainty in regards to the relationship between site of starch digestion and DM intake, ADG, and feed efficiency in this study.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.769-782
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• 2002

Three kinds of green forages(rye, oats and mixed forages) was harvested and mixed with rice straw, wheat bran and 2 grains(corn and soybean), which harvested 2 different dates(common harvesting dates, 7 days early to common harvesting dates). And each mixture was ensiled in 6 poly vinyl chlorides that was 60 liter, immediately. They were opened at 0, 5, 10, 25, 35, 60 and 100 days after ensiling for chemical analysis. And its effects of those TMFFs on feed values were observed. Average contents of water, crude protein, ADF, NDF, Ca and P of formulated TMFs were 72 to 75%, 14.75 to 18.24, 12.47 to 19.07, 39.82 to 47.01, 0.99 to 1.07 and 0.38 to respectively. Crude protein content was the highest in the mixed forages-TMFF and the lowest in the rye-TMFF. The ADF and NDF contents of rye-TMFF were higher than orthers. And CP, ADF, NDF, TDN, P and Ca contents were no significant difference among treatments regardless of storage period and harvest time, but all treatments indicated good quality. Intenal temperatures of TMFF were shown to be 1 to 5$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient temperatures. The temperature of the Oat-TMFF formulated during winter sustained higher to the level of 6${\sim}$9$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The pH of TMFF were 4.0 to 4.2 and the content of $NH_3$-N was shown to be 7.79 to 8.23mg/$d{\ell}$. In the VFA contents, any tendency was not shown at all treatments depending on harvest time. Even though rye-TMFF showed the lowest VFA value. At all treatments except rye-TMFF, propionate production was increased and stable after 25 days of storage. Digestibility of rice straw from TMFF on DM basis was 15${\sim}$20% higher compared with non-treated rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.373-384
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the selection of regional double cropping system for production of organic forage in middle part of Korea and investigated their productivity, feed values and stock carrying capacity. The test results proved the Sorghum${\times}$Sudangrass hybrid was 10.9 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, the one of Rye + Red clover and Rye + Hairy vetch were the highest one as 3.3 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and the relative yield about a Rye is higher in the dry matter yield in the field soil. And as for the relative forage values (RFV), Corn is the most excellent ones as 96.6 but there were no the significant difference between the Sorghum${\times}$Sudangrass hybrid of 84.4 and it. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) content in Rye + Hairy vetch is higher than others as 59.7%. As for the relative feed value, Rye + Red clover is the highest one as 83.8 but there was no significant differences between them. As for the ability to raise livestock in the field soil, the average values of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ are shown as 4.27 head/ha/yr in Sorghum${\times}$Sudangrass hybrid. As for the same crops, the average values of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ showed the highest ones as 1.74 head/ha/yr, in Rye + Red clover but there were no the significant differences. As for the dry matter yield of the rice field soil, organic rice straw was 3.3 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and Rye + Red clover significantly showed the highest values as 4.1 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. In the rice filed soil, the crude protein content of organic rice straw was 3.1% and the TDN content of organic rice straw was 55%. The TDN content in Rye + Red clover was higher than others as 59.7%. As for the relative forage values, Rye + Red clover showed the highest one as 83.8 but there were no significant differences between them. As for the ability to raise livestock in the rice field, the average values of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ in the organic rice straw was 1.04 head/ha/yr and the average values of $K_{CP}$ and $K_{TDN}$ in Rye + Red clover is the highest one as 1.84 head/ha/yr, but there were no significant differences in all of them.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09b
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.