• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.399-403
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the coloration characteristics by identifying the factor affecting red coloration of copper red glaze in traditional Korean ceramics. This study analyzed the characteristics of the reduction-fired copper red glaze by using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, EDX and UV-vis spectroscopy. As a result of XRD analysis, the glaze completely melted and amorphous glass appeared overall, and the characteristic peak of metal Cu was shown together. In addition, as a result of Raman analysis, the characteristic bands of CuO and $Cu_2O$ were shown together. The distribution of component elements was observed by EDX. As a result, copper(Cu) were distributed throughout the glaze. Thus, it was shown that copper red glaze appeared the best red coloration because metal Cu, CuO and $Cu_2O$ evenly existed throughout glaze in particle colloidal state. The chroma value of the copper red glaze was CIE $L^*$ 30.07, $a^*$ 13.65, $b^*$ 3.72. Wine-Red Solution was shown by Dark Graish Red coloration.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.518-522
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• 2013

This study investigatesthe coloration mechanism by identifying the factor that affects thered coloration of copper red glazesin traditional Korean ceramics. The characteristics of the reduction-fired copper red glaze's sections are analyzed using an optical microscope, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The sections observed using an optical microscope are divided into domains of surface, red-bubble, and red band. According to the Raman micro spectroscopy analysis results, the major characteristic peak is identified as silicate in all three domains, and the intensity of $Cu_2O$ increases toward the red band. In addition, it is confirmed that the most abundant CuO exists in the glaze bubbles. Moreover, CuO and $Cu_2O$ exist as fine particles in a dispersed state in the surface domain. Thus, Cu combined with oxygen is distributed evenly throughout the copper red glaze, and $Cu_2O$ is more concentrated toward the interface between body and glaze. It is also confirmed that CuO is concentrated around the bubbles. Therefore, it is concluded that the red coloration of the copper red glaze is revealed not only through metallic Cu but also through $Cu_2O$ and CuO.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.243-248
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• 2017

In this study copper glaze samples were prepared with varying amount of tin oxide, and the chromatic characteristics of glazes were explained on the results of spectrophotometric, crystalline phase, and microstructural analyses. The red color of copper glaze was dissipated with the addition of tin oxide and turned into achromatic color due to the decrease of CIEab values. Tin oxide homogeneously distributed in the glaze layer interfered with the red color generation coming from the growth of Cu nuclei, and formed an alloy with metal copper around bubbles. This resulted in the decrease of metal copper peak intensity with minor $Cu_2O$ peak. With the 3.79 % tin oxide addition the glaze was appeared as gray due to the black color CuO and Cassiterite $SnO_2$ phases.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.215-221
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• 2019

Ceramic tiles, which are widely used as interior and exterior materials for construction, have recently been required to have pollution prevention function. In order to remove contaminants, many researches of ceramic tiles with hydrophilic surface property through $TiO_2$ coating and hydrophobic surface property by improving the flow of water droplets have been proceeded. Expecially, it is very important to develop a surface glaze having hydrophobicity through a sintering process above $1000^{\circ}C$ without an additional coating process and the degradation of mechanical properties. In this study, surface glaze with copper powder was applied to manufacture of ceramic tile. Contact angle of ceramic tile according to thickness of surface glaze layer was investigated after the conventional sintering process. The contact angle of the ceramic tile surface without the copper powder was shown to be $25.3^{\circ}$, which is close to hydrophilic surface. However, the contact angle was increased up to $109.8^{\circ}$ when the thickness of surface glaze with the copper powder was $150{\mu}m$. The excellent hydrophobic property of the surface glaze with copper powder was resulted from the cellular structure of copper particles on the glaze surface. In addition, the mechanical properties of the developed hydrophobic ceramic tiles such as bending strength, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and frost resistance were well maintained and meet the criteria of 'KS L 1001 Ceramic tile'.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2017

Examined in this study were the effects of copper oxide (II) addition and sintering conditions on the chromatic characteristics of copper glaze. Oxidatively sintered samples exhibited the negative increase of $CIEa^*$ and the positive increase of $CIEb^*$ with the increase of CuO concentration, leading to Green and Green-Yellow coloration. On the other hand, $CIEa^*$ and $CIEb^*$ of reductively sintered samples were positively increased in direct proportion. The green color of oxidatively sintered samples was originated from the $Cu^{2+}$ ions formed by the dissolution of CuO. The reductively sintered samples resulted in dull tone red color with low chroma. Such behavior seems to be influenced by the interplay of metal Cu aggregation, metal Cu globule, and $Cu_2O$ formed in the glaze layer through the redox interaction of CuO during the sintering process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.15-24
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• 1986

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.372-378
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• 2019

Traditional ceramic glazes formulated with copper oxide (CuO) exhibited antibacterial properties on Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram Negative). All the ceramic glazes containing CuO showed antibacterial behavior when fired in reducing atmosphere. However, some of copper glazes presented antibacterial behavior and had no antibacterial properties at all when sintered in an oxidizing atmosphere. To elucidate the antibacterial mechanism, ceramic glazes were studied for phase and microstructure analysis, dissolution behavior and surface zeta potential. Metallic copper was precipitated in the glaze layer when sintered in reducing atmosphere. Less than 0.05 ppm of Cu ion was dissolved from glazes. Ca ion was most dissolved among all the samples. Glaze surface was highly negatively charged when CuO was added over 3 wt.% regardless of the sintering atmosphere. The antibacterial behavior of ceramic glazes seemed to be directly related to the dissolution behavior of cations, but the antibacterial behavior of oxidized specimens was not explained by the dissolution behavior. Surface potential of ceramic glazes appeared to play an auxiliary role in antibacterial properties.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 2024

Composition analysis and lead isotope ratio analysis were conducted to determine the coloring machanism on lead glaze used in Gyeongbokgung Palace and the provenance of the lead used as a flux. 31 blue tiles were classified into green, blue, and yellow. The chemical analysis of lead glazes on the blue tiles revealed that Pb, Si, and Cu were the main components, and trace amounts of Fe, Ca, Mg, and Al were detected. The Cu content was high in blue lead glaze, while Cu was not detected in yellow or brown lead glaze which instead had high Fe content. Therefore, it was found that lead was used as a flux and copper oxide as a coloring agent in the production of lead glaze. In addition, the lead isotope ratios of the lead glaze used in the blue tiles of Gyeongbokgung palace were plotted in zone 3 on the distribution map of lead isotope ratios on the Korean Peninsula, which includes Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do. It is presumed that the flux for the lead glaze was sourced from galena found in these regions. The lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period were mostly located outside the Korean Peninsula, showing that the provenance of lead had changed. In particular, the lead isotope ratios of the green glaze from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla period suggest exchange with neighboring countries. Also the lead isotope ratios of the green glazes from the same temple are different, so it is believed that they were made at different times or in different workshops.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2011

Copper-red (Dongwha, Jinsa) is Korean traditional inorganic pigment used for red-coloring on the porcelain surface during Goryeo and Joseon Periods. Trace amounts of copper-red porcelains are handed down because of the technical difficulty of making and coloring of the pigment. It is known that copper ore sources were extensively distributed in Korea according to old literatures and some of them are still producing copper ore at this present. Main types of copper-bearing mineral in Korea are chalcopyrite ($CuFeS_2$) and malachite ($Cu_2CO_3(OH)_2$), and they are easily collected from the ground surface. This means Korea had geographical and economic geological advantages for supplying raw material of the pigment. These two minerals showed good red-coloring in color test for porcelain pigment. As a coloring element, copper showed micro size less than $5{\mu}m$ in diameter in glaze matrix. The dispersion of copper particle is the most decisive factor for red chromaticity of copper-red porcelain, as well as copper content of the pigment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1998

The examination of scientific analysis could give many information on the object of ancient glass. It would be allowed to understand the cultural situation and a course of inflow that the data of glass composition was classified by raw materials, technique of making, period and regional groups. Quantitative analysis conditions for SEM-EDS were set for glass and glaze on the pottery and 62 samples of glass beads excavated from Yangdong-ri remains at Kimhae were analyzed and classified. It was found that the glass beads were made of all alkali-glass. In addition, it was postulated that the potash glass was appeared from the 1st century A.D. and soda glass was appeared from the late second or early 3rd century A.D. in this region. The colors of glass were closely related to the concentration of metallic elements such as copper, iron and manganese. It was confirmed that the composition of glass beads could be classified and characterized by raw materials, color, period and regional groups.