• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of new foot-bath facility and detergent solution (sodium molylbdenate, citrate, potassium nitrate, tataric acid, sodium hypo-cholorite, and zinc sulfate) on claw health in lactating dairy cows. Minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of copper sulphate were 0.31% for E. coli and Bacillus isolated from cows claw. The MIC and MBC of new detergent for E. coli were 1.25% and 5%, respectively, however their respectively values for Bacillus were noticed 0.63% and 2.5%. Both 5E. coli and Bacillus populations in petri-dishes were significantly reduced (more than 95%) with the application of new detergent solution (5% or 16%). Locomotion score (LS 1-5; very good to severely bad) of lactating cows were significantly improved with in 30 days with the use of new detergent solution in foot bath. The LS2 (n=16), LS3 (n=16), and LS4 (n=7) were shown 100%, 43.8%, and 14.3% recovery rate within 30 days with the use of new detergent solution. However, LS5 (n=2) were not recovered to normal claw health and locomotion score within 30 days of new detergent application. Usage of new detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath have shown 81.3%, 71.4% and 50.0% recovery rate in cows with LS3, LS4 and LS5, respectively. Abnormal claw incidence was reduced from 18.8% to 1.5% in overall herd (n=80) with the use of new detergent solution (16%) in a foot bath for 90 days. In conclusion, usage of 16% of our detergent solution for 60 days in a foot bath can significantly improve the cow claw health and thus mitigate the negative effects of abnormal claw on productivity of cows and dairy farm income.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2012

In this study, we configured a system which ranks hazardous chemicals to determine their management priorities based on experts' opinions and the existing CRS (chemical ranking and scoring). Aggregate exposure of food, health functional food, oriental/herbal medicine and cosmetics have been taken into account to determine management priority. In this study, 25 hazardous chemicals were selected, such as cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, etc. These 25 materials were ranked according to their 1) risk (exposure or hazard) indexes, 2) exposure source-based weight, and 3) public interests, which were also formed based on the existing priority ranking system. Cadmium was scored the highest (178.5) and bisphenol A the lowest (56.8). Ten materials -- cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, tar, acrylamide, benzopyrene, aluminium, benzene, and PAHs -- scored higher than 100. Eight materials -- aflatoxin, manganese, phthalate, chromium, nitrate/nitrite, ethylcarbamate, formaldehyde, and copper -- recorded scores in the range from 70 to 100. Also evaluated as potential risks were 7 materials; sulfur dioxide, ochratoxin, dioxins, PCBs, fumonisin, methyl mercury, and bisphenol A, and these materials were scored above 50. Then we compared risk index and correlation coefficient of total scores to confirm the validity of the total scores; we analyzed correlation coefficient of parameter and indicator. We discovered that the total score and weight, which has incorporated public interests, were high and statistically significant. In conclusion, the result of this study contributes to strengthening risk assessment and risk management of hazardous chemicals.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 2010

Effects of heavy metal ions on the gene expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) were examined in cultured eel hepatocytes. When the expression of CYP1A mRNA was measured by RT-PCR after incubation of eel hepatocytes with benzo[$\alpha$]pyrene (B[$\alpha$]P) at concentrations of 10-8~10-5 M, the CYP1A expression increased with B[$\alpha$]P treatment in a dose dependent manner, showing significant increase at concentrations more than 10-7 M. When the eel hepatocyte was treated with cadmium (10-6 and 10-5 M), the expression of CYP1A was inhibited and especially at higher concentration (10-5 M). The inhibition of CYP1A expression by cadmium was also observed in cells treated with B[$\alpha$]P. In another study, effects of heavy metal ions on the expression of CYP1A were examined in cultured hepatocytes isolated from eel which was treated previously with B[$\alpha$]P in vivo. Hepatocytes isolated from the liver of eel taken at 48 hours after injection of B[$\alpha$]P (10 mg/kg) were cultured for 2 days with cadmium, copper, lead or zinc (10-6 and 10-5 M). The expression of CYP1A was found to be suppressed by the metal ions compared with the control in which CYP1A was induced with previous treatment of B[$\alpha$]P in vivo. The present results may provide an important basic information for studying the effects of heavy metal ions on CYP1A expression in other species of fish and studying toxicological mechanisms of heavy metal ions in aquatic livings.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.475-481
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• 2007

A total of 40 Korean native pigs (gilt 21, boar 19) were used to investigate the meat quality, nutritional and sensory properties by gender. Gilts had significantly lower moisture and ash contents (%) than boars, but protein contents were not significantly different between the gender (p<0.05). Gilts contained high intramuscular fat contents were significantly lower in Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) and Water holding capacity (WHC) when compared to those of boars. There was no significant difference in meat color L (lightness) and a (redness) values between the gender (p>0.05), but gilt had higher b (yellowiness) values than boar. Regarding amino acid compositions, there were glutamic acid (3.25%), aspartic acid (1.94%) lysine (1.83%), leucine (1.77%), alanine (1.17%) and arginine (1.15%) for gilts and boars. There were no significant differences in the contents of the minerals such as calcium, potassium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper (p>0.05). The results of fatty acid composition showed that gilts had significantly higher C16:1n7, C18:1n9, in intramuscular fat., whereas they had significantly higher contents of C14:0, C16:0, C20:1n9, C20:5n3 in subcutaneous fat than boars (p<0.05). Boars had significantly higher contents of C18:0, C18:1n7, C18:2n6, C20:1n9, C20:4n6, C22:4n6 in intramuscular fat and they had significantly higher contents of C18:2n6, C22:4n6 than gilts in subcutaneous fat (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation, gilts had significantly higher scores in juiciness, tenderness and flavor when compared to boars (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 1989

The effects of soil properties and N, P and K application rates on the contents of inorganic constituents in the rhizomas of Ji-whang were investigated to know the condition for producing the better quality rhizoma of Ji-whang. Most of soil texture for Ji-whang cultivating belongs to sandy clay loam and sandy loam soils. The nitrogen contents in the rhizomas of Ji-whang was negatively correlated with the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen in surface soils, whereas positively correlated with the sand contents in subsoils. The calcium contents in the rhizomas of Ji-whang were negatively correlated with the sand contents, however, positively correlated with the contents of clay and organic matter in soils. The iron contents was positively correlated with the contents of clay, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in surface soils. Much more contents of the inorganic constituents in the leaf of Ji-whang was generally detected than that in the rhizoma of Ji-whang. The contents of iron and copper in the leaf was determined to be more than that in the rhizomas by ten times. In the results of field experiments, it is apparent that the nitrogen contents in the rhizoma and leaf increased with increasing N application rate more than 20kg/10a and 10kg/10a, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.240-246
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• 2018

The present study analyzed standard samples of three types of aluminum matrix certified reference materials (CRM) using GD-MS. Calibration curves were constructed for 13 elements (Mg, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sn, and Pb), with the slope representing the relative sensitivity factor (RSF). The x- and y-axes of the calibration curve represented ion beam ratio (IBR) and the authenticated value of the standard sample, respectively. In order to evaluate precision and linearity of the calibration curve, RSD and the coefficient of determination were calculated. Curve RSD for every element reflected high precision (within 10 %). For most elements, the coefficient of determination was ${\geq}0.99$, indicating excellent linearity. However, vanadium, nickel, and gallium curves exhibited relatively low linearity (0.90~0.95), likely due to their narrow concentration ranges. Standard RSF was calculated using the slope of the curve generated for three types of CRM. Despite vanadium, nickel, and gallium exhibiting low coefficients of determination, their standard RSF resembled that of the three types of CRM. Therefore, the RSF method may be used for element quantitation. Standard iron matrix samples were analyzed to verify the applicability of the aluminum matrix standard RSF, as well as to calculate the RSD-estimated error of the measured value relative to the actual standard value. Six elements (Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, and Ni) exhibited an RSD of approximately 30 %, while the RSD of Cu was 77 %. In general, Cu isotopes are subject to interference: $^{63}Cu$ to $^{54}Fe^{2+}-^{36}Ar$ and $^{65}Cu$ to $^{56}Fe-Al^{3+}$ interference. Thus, the influence of these impurities may have contributed to the high RSD value observed for Cu. To reliably identify copper, the resolution should be set at ${\geq}8000$. However, high resolutions are inappropriate for analyzing trace elements, as it lowers ion permeability. In conclusion, quantitation of even relatively low amounts of six elements (Al, Si, V, Cr, Mn, and Ni) is possible using this method.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.132-149
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• 2011

In ancient period, a variety of inorganic or organic pigments had been used as colorants in various kinds of religious and secular paintings such as tomb paintings and wall and scroll paintings in buddhist temples, and danchung(cosmic patterns) for the surface of wooden buildings. This study discusses the results obtained from an analysis of the pigments on the wall paintings of Yeongsanjeon(Hall of Vulture Peak) in Tongdo temple by a qualitative analysis using a field-XRF. The results can be briefly summarized as follows. Firstly, assuming from the major components examined from F-XRF analysis, raw materials of pigment of each color are: red to be Cinnabar(HgS) or Hematite($Fe_2O_3$); white to be White Lead[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] in most cases and Calcite($CaCO_3$) or Chalk($CaCO_3$), Kaolin($Al2O_3{\cdot}SiO_2{\cdot}4H_2O$) in some cases; yellow to be Yellow Ocher[$FeO(OH){\cdot}nH_2O$]; black to be carbon(C); green on the painted surface to be Celadonite[$K(Mg,Fe^{2+})(Fe^{3+},Al)(Si_4O_{10})(OH)_2$] in most cases; dark green on the halo of figures to be Malachite[$CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$], Copper Green[$2CuO{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}H_2O$] or Atacamite[$Cu_2Cl(OH)_3$]. Secondly, incarnadine and pink were made by mixing with more than two pigments such as red and white for making various tone of colors. The qualitative analysis of pigments on the wall paintings of Yeongsanjeon, in conclusion, displays that the all pigments for ancient periods are inorganis pigments. However, it has the limitation to identify a definite kinds of mineral for each pigment because it was not possible to collect samples from cultural heritage for conducting a crystalline analysis of XRD.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.122-147
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• 2012

The Four-guardian statues in Song-gwang buddhist temple, Suncheon, Korea, have been remade in AD 1628 and have been repaired and repainted over several times since then. Therefore, the study of the pigments applied on the statues can provide good chance for investigation about pigments used in the late Chosun Period. Pigments on fragments from Gwang-mok(Virupaksha), one of the Four-guardian statues, have been analyzed by optical microscope, SEM-EDX and XRD in order to identify the components and compounds. Six types of materials were found from the fragments, which are soil layer with brown clay band, soil layer containing a lot of fibers, Korean paper with loose texture, Korean paper with dense texture, silk, and hemp textile. Presumably, the soil layer which have brown clay band is basis layer and the other layers are repaired layers. From comparative study for the components of the pigments, applied on upper and lower parts of the repaired layers, we have concluded that those repaired layers had been applied on the statue by the following order; basis layer ${\rightarrow}$ Korean paper with loose texture ${\rightarrow}$ soil containing a lot of fibers ${\rightarrow}$ silk ${\rightarrow}$ hemp textile and Korean paper with dense texture. In addition, the years that those materials were applied on the statue have been estimated as 1720~1891, 1926, 1946 and 1976, respectively. The distinct features of each age are as the following; lead white and copper chloride hydroxide are major white and green pigments before 1891, zinc white, barium white, emerald green, and ultramarine blue appear after 1926 and titanium white uprises around 1976. Our result presented here, study on pigments applied on traditional statues over several different periods, will provide good database for future study on pigments used for traditional painting in Buddist temples and Dancheong.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.653-659
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to measure the (air dose rate of radiation dose) the discharged patient who was administrated high dose $^{131}I$ treatment, and to predict exposure radiation dose in public person. The dosimetric evaluation was performed according to the distance and angle using three copper rings in 30 patients who were treated with over 200mCi high dose Iodine therapy. The two observer were measured using a GM surverymeter with 8 point azimuth angle and three difference distance 50, 100, 150cm for precise radion dose measurement. We set up three predictive simulations to calculate the exposure dose based on this data. The most highest radiation dose rate was showed measuring angle $0^{\circ}$ at the height of 1m. The each distance average dose rate was used the azimuth angle average value of radiation dose rate. The maximum values of the external radiation dose rate depending on the distance were $214{\pm}16.5$, $59{\pm}9.1$ and $38{\pm}5.8{\mu}Sv/h$ at 50, 100, 150cm, respectively. If high dose Iodine treatment patient moves 5 hours using public transportation, an unspecified person in a side seat at 50cm is exposed 1.14 mSv radiation dose. A person who cares for 4days at a distance of 1 meter from a patient wearing a urine bag receives a maximum radiation dose of 6.5mSv. The maximum dose of radiation that a guardian can receive is 1.08mSv at a distance of 1.5m for 7days. The annual radiation dose limit is exceeded in a short time when applied the our developed radiation dose predictive modeling on the general public person who was around the patients with Iodine therapy. This study can be helpful in suggesting a reasonable guideline of the general public person protection system after discharge of high dose Iodine administered patients.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.357-386
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• 2007

At present, thirteen Buddhist bells of Unified Silla are known to the world: Six in Korea, five in Japan and two other bells, and three out of them are impossible to make out its original form. Therefore, we divided the form of Unified Silla Buddhist bells based on the ten other bells, and we tried out to prove the manufacturing technology by the comparison of the research material of Uncheon-dong bell and existing research materials of other bells, in other to find their linkage based on the alloy elemental composition. We divided Unified Silla Buddhist bell into two types: Type I has symmetric apsaras and regular patterns on its face and it was made in early Silla period; type II has asymmetric apsaras and irregular pattern arrangement and made in late Silla period. In particular, Uncheon-dong Buddhist bells is very similar to Komyoji[光明寺] temple bell from ninth century in Japan. It is peculiar that the apsaras on Uncheon-dong bell play vertical music instruments that are never seen in Unified Silla Buddhist bell. Most of Unified Silla Buddhist bell are compounded with Cu-Sn or Cu-Sn-Pb system. From eighth and ninth century, bells were cast with even composition of copper, tin and lead, and the bronze alloy ratio was similar to the record in Gogonggi[考工記], Jurye[周禮], a book from ancient China. Particularly, Uncheon-dong bell is in a rare case of Cu-Sn-Pb-As system. As had been rarely used in Unified Silla Buddhist bells, so we presented the relative research materials. As has the same nature as Pb. Because As easily volatilize at high temperature, it is hard to use. But it has its merit of solidity and durability. Pb enhances fluidity and thereby expresses the patterns more distinct; As makes the bell stronger. The result of lead isotope ratio could not exactly reveal a concrete producing center. However, over the analysis of our samples, hereby we suggest Uncheon-dong bell was made of materials from just one ore deposit.