• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.445-454
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• 2002

Material exposure experiments were performed to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and material corrosion rates based on collaboration with researchers in China, Japan, and Korea. Qualitative and quantitative atmospheric corrosion was estimated from damage caused to bronze, copper, steel, marble, cedar, cypress, and lacquer plates exposed to outdoor and indoor conditions in certain East Asian cities. The effects of atmospheric and meteorological factors on the damage to the copper plates and marble pieces were estimated using a regression analysis. The results indicated that sulfur dioxide produced the most destruction of the materials, especially in South Korea and China. In Japan, the copper plates were damaged as a result of natural conditions and sea salt. Copper was also found to be damaged by the surface deposition of sulfur and chlorine. Meanwhile, marble was substantially degraded by gaseous sulfur dioxide, yet sulfate ions in rain had no effect. Accordingly, the analysis of air pollution from the perspective of material damage was determined to be very useful in evaluating and substantiating the intensity of air pollution in East Asia.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.820-832
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• 2001

In order to obtain the basic data on the optimum conditions of electroforming process for fabricating the micro wiring pattern for plate type micro- motor core, characteristics of plating bath and properties of deposits were studied with various copper plating baths which contain sulfate, fluoborate, pyrophosphate and cyanide salt, respectively. Cathodic polarization, throwing power, internal stress, texture and surface morphology of deposits were observed. Throwing power of plating solution is deeply related to the polarization curves and the values are in the range of +20∼20%. The order of values ate as follows- pyrophosphate, cyanide, sulfate and fluoborate bath. Internal stresses of deposits are tensile in all of the copper plating bath. Thickness of the deposits plated at the center of holes has the highest value in the pyrophosphate bath and K factor, ratio of height and width of deposit, is 1.44. It was confirmed that the pyrophosphate bath was the best one for the electroforming of wire pattern.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.179-179
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• 2013

Surface resistance of electro-deposited copper with its thickness, current density and surface roughness was determined by using a 4-point probe analyzer. The copper was prepared electrochemically on 316 stainless steel substrate in copper sulfate solution at the condition of $1A/dm^2$, 298 K, and 6.5 cm-electrode distance. The surface resistance of the copper sheet in the range of $0.93-0.97{\Omega}$ increased with the copper thickness in the range of $21-70{\mu}m$. The surface resistance in the range of $0.963-1.009{\Omega}$ also increased with current density in the range of $0.5-2A/dm^2$. The increased surface resistances corresponded to 11% for thickness and 25% for current density, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1608-1615
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the solubility of copper (Cu) in two sources of copper(II) sulfate ($CuSO_4$) including monohydrate and pentahydrate and three sources of dicopper chloride trihydroxide (dCCTH) including ${\alpha}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}$), ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\beta}$), and a mixture of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$) at different pH and a 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. In Exp. 1, Cu sources were incubated in water-based buffers at pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.8, and 6.8 for 4 h using a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. The $CuSO_4$ sources were completely dissolved within 15 min except at pH 6.8. The solubility of Cu in dCCTH-${\alpha}$ was greater (p<0.05) than dCCTH-${\beta}$ but was not different from dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$ during 3-h incubation at pH 2.0 and during 2-h incubation at pH 3.0. At pH 4.8, there were no significant differences in solubility of Cu in dCCTH sources. Copper in dCCTH sources were non-soluble at pH 6.8. In Exp. 2, the solubility of Cu was determined during the 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. All sources of Cu were completely dissolved in step 1 which simulated digestion in the stomach. In Exp. 3, the solubility of Cu in experimental diets including a control diet and diets containing 250 mg/kg of additional Cu from five Cu sources was determined during the in vitro digestion assay. The solubility of Cu in diets containing additional Cu sources were greater (p<0.05) than the control diet in step 1. In conclusion, the solubility of Cu was influenced by pH of digesta but was not different among sources based on the in vitro digestion assay.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.413-418
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• 2001

We investigated change of crystal structure, surface morphology and crystal orientation of the electrodeposited film from dispersed $SiO_2$ suspensions (colloidal silica) copper sulfate bath and arse corrosion potentials and physical specific properties. As addition of colloidal silica in copper electrolytic hath, the crystal Particles on filial was fined-down, made uniform and account of particles were increased. Hardness of copper electrodeposited film ascended about 15% and (111), (200) and (311) plane of X-ray diffraction patterns were almost swept away, so preferred orientation chanced from (111) to (110) plane. Also, corrosion potential of electrodeposited copper film was noble with colloidal silica addition.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

A promising hyperparasite, Ampelomyces quisqualis 94013(AQ94013) was selected as a biological control agent to cucumber powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fusca. Effect of agrochemicals on mycelium growth and spore germination of AQ94013 and effect of spread stickers on hyperparasitical activity of AQ94013 to powdery mildew pathogen were evaluated. Finally it was confirmed that mycelial growth and spore germination of AQ94013 on potato dextrose agar amended with two fungicides for controlling powdery mildew, triadimefon and pyrazophos; five fungicides for controlling downy mildew, dimethomorph, kasugamycin+copper oxychloride, dichlofluanid+copper oxychloride and tribasic copper sulfate; three fungicides for controlling gray mold, iprodione, vinclozolin and procymidone; and six insecticides immidacloprid, teflubenzuron, bifenthrin, ethofenprox, deltamethrin and phenthoate were slightly reduced. Addition of mineral oil in the spore suspension of AQ94013 enhanced 7.9% control value to cucumber powdery mildew.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.569-574
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• 2001

The crystal structure, surface morphology and preferred orientation of the copper electrodeposit were investigated by the using sulfate bath with $SiO_2$suspensions and the cathode substrate Au sputtered. As by the addition of colloidal silica in copper electrolytic bath and Au pre-coating on substrate, the crystal particles of deposits was fined-down, made uniform and the account of particles were increased. Hardness of copper electrodeposits with colloidal silica increased about 15% in comparison with that of pure copper deposit film and (111), (200) and (311) plane of X-ray diffraction patterns were almost swept away, so preferred orientation of the copper deposits changed from (111) to (110) plane by codeposit $SiO_2$ and precoating the substrate.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.337-340
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• 2007

Pseudomonas syringae Pv. syringae is a causal agent of bacterial blossom blight of kiwifruit in Korea. Eleven strains of the pathogen were isolated from different kiwifruit orchards in Korea and the plasmid profiles were obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. They could be clustered into six groups according to the number and size of plasmids. The number of plasmids per strain and size of these plasmids ranged from 0 to 4 and from 22 to 160 kb, respectively. Among them, four strains belonging to Group III which harbored two plasmids were resistant to copper sulfate. Southern blot hybridization of the plasmid DNA indicated that the copper resistance determinant was carried on a 48 kb plasmid.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.421-434
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• 2022

In the present study, reference samples were prepared using ore preparation facility tailings taken from the copper mine (Kure, Kastamonu), Portland cement (PC) in certain proportions (3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt%, 9wt% and 11 wt%), and water. Then natural zeolite taken from the Bigadic Region was mixed in certain proportions (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt% and 40 wt%) for each cement ratio, instead of the PC, to prepare zeolite-substituted CPB samples. Thus, the effect of using Zeolite instead of PC on CPB's strength was investigated. The obtained CPB samples were kept in the curing cabinet at a temperature of 25℃ and at least 80% humidity, and they were subjected to the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) test at the end of the curing periods of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. Except for the 3 wt% cement ratio, zeolite substitution was observed to increase the compressive strength in all mixtures. Also, the liquefaction risk limit for paste backfill was achieved for all mixtures, and the desired strength limit value (0.7 MPa) was achieved for all mixtures with 28 days of curing time and 7 wt%, 9 wt%, 11 wt% cement ratios and 5% cement - 10% zeolite substituted mixture. Moreover, the limit value (4 MPa) required for use as roof support was obtained only for mixtures with 11% cement - 10% and 20% zeolite content. Generally, zeolite substitution seems to be more effective in early strength (up to 28th day). It has been determined that the long-term strength losses of zeolite-substituted paste backfill mixtures were caused by the reaction of sulfate and hydration products to form secondary gypsum, ettringite, and iron sulfate.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.555-567
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• 2013

An Remote Corrosion Monitoring (RCM) system consists of an anode with low potential, the metallic structures against corrosion, an electrode to provide reference potential, and a data-acquisition system to ensure the potential difference for anticorrosion. In more detail, the data-acquisition (DAQ) system monitors the potential difference between the metallic structures and a reference electrode to identify the correct potential level against the corrosion of the infrastructures. Then, the measured data are transmitted to a central office to remotely keep track of the status of the corrosion monitoring (CM) system. To date, the RCM system is designed to achieve low power consumption, so that it can be simply powered by batteries. However, due to memory effect and the limited number of recharge cycles, it can entail the maintenance fee or sometimes cause failure to protect the metallic structures. To address this issue, the low-overhead energy harvesting circuitry for the RCM systems has designed to replenish energy storage elements (ESEs) along with redeeming the leakage of supercapacitors. Our developed energy harvester can scavenge the ambient energy from the corrosion monitoring environments and store it as useful electrical energy for powering local data-acquisition systems. In particular, this paper considers the energy harvesting from potential difference due to galvanic corrosion between a metallic infrastructure and a permanent copper/copper sulfate reference electrode. In addition, supercapacitors are adopted as an ESE to compensate for or overcome the limitations of batteries. Experimental results show that our proposed harvesting schemes significantly reduce the overhead of the charging circuitry, which enable fully charging up to a 350-F supercapacitor under the low corrosion power of 3 mW (i.e., 1 V/3 mA).