• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2007

Purpose: The role of sex role identity types and health promoting behaviors in relation to premenstrual symptoms and interrelatedness among the three variables were examined. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was employed with 327 female university students. KSRI, HPLP, and MDQ were used as measurement tools. Results: Four types of sex role identities were classified; undifferentiated(33.7%), androgyny (32.7%), masculinity(16.8%), and femininity(16.8%) in order. Premenstrual symptoms(F=3.11, p= .027) and health promoting behaviors(F=12.74, p= .000) were significantly different by sex role identity types. As determinants of premenstrual symptoms, health promoting behaviors for all subjects, stress coping for the feminine type, and interpersonal relationships for the undifferentiated type were identified. In discriminating between the feminine type and undifferentiated type, premenstrual symptoms and self responsibility were shown as significant factors. Conclusion: Interrelatedness among sex role identity, health promoting behaviors and premenstrual symptoms imply the importance of a psychosocial aspect in premenstrual symptoms. Therefore, these three variables should be applied more specifically for nursing assessment and management of women having premenstrual symptoms.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.260-269
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• 2005

Purpose: This study were to understand the caregiving situation of families with the demented elderly and to develop a self-help program for them. Method: A self-help program was designed to increase caregivers' confidence and skills in problem solving. In addition, it was designed to provide information about the demented elderly. The self-help program of this study was composed of nine sessions. Result: Family caregivers of elderly patients with dementia obviously experience high level of stress. which often leads the caregivers to negative outcomes such as depression, interference with social activities and health difficulties. That is, caring is stressful for caregivers because the demands of the caregiving situation tend to overwhelm the caregivers' coping resources. Therefore, families with demented elderly persons need assistances in order to be relieved from their care burden. Conclusion: The self-help program includes the understanding of dementia, the family caregiving experiences of the demented elderly persons, the time for self-care, the search for helping, the improving of interpersonal relations and communications.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1998

Although there has been a considerable research in psychoneuroendocrinology, particularly in relation to the biology of mood disorders, there has been a paucity of research regarding the effects of psychological factors on endocrine diseases. Of the existing literature, the most research is focused on diabetes mellitus, graves' disease. Especially diabetes appears to be the only endocrine disease that has been the focus of recent research studies. Most of the studies had retrospective designs or several methodological flaw. There has been no consistent results demonstrating that psychological factors affect the onset of diabetes mellitus. Several studies have suggested that psychological factors affect the course of diabetes. A small number of studies showed some evidence that psychological stress was associated with changes in glucose regulation in a subset of diabetic patients. There was also evidence to suggest that some temperament and coping skill influence glycemic control in child, adolescent diabetics. Studies of behavioral or psychosocial intervention on diabetic control have been small and have produced mixed results. There was a few controlled study suggested that stressful life events might be a causal role in Cushing's disease and Graves'disease, but there is no presently sufficient evidence to suggest that psychological factors affect the onset and the course of Cushing's disease and Graves' disease. In future, there is need for a well-designed biopsychosocial research with prospective designs, well defined patient population and control groups to study the relationship between psychological factors and endocrine diseases.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 1996

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of behavioral, response to immune function in response to electric footshock in mice. Mice were subjected to electric footshock for 3 days(two sessions a day, 11 times of shock for about 31 minutes a session). The humoral immune response was measured using mice immunized with rat RBC. The cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated by contact hypersensitivity to 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB) and by phytohemagglutin(PHA)-stimulated splenocytes proliferation assay. In stressed group, electric footshock suppressed significantly anti-rat RBC antibody production(p<0.05), but enhanced significantly $T_{48}$ relative to $T_{24}$ in contact hypersenstivry (P<.01) and T-cell proliferation response(P<.05) by PHA stimulation elative to control group. T-cell proliferation response by PHA stimulation was significantly correlated to the movement than the sensitivity and coping behavior in the mouse, in response to the electric footshock. These data supper the importance of behavioral response in stress-induced changes of immune functions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.177-193
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• 1996

For the purpose of integrating nursing diagnosis into the nursing curriculum, a descriptive survey research was done using the inductive method with questionnaires and a literature review. Research subjects included nurse educators, textbooks of adult nursing published in Korea, and the course outline for adult nursing used in one college of nursing. The Results show that there was common agreement on 39 nursing diagnosis which should be in cluded in the adult nursing curriculum, textbooks of adult nursing, and patient care on the medical-surgical units. The two existing nursing diagnosis classification systems(NANDA and Gordon's Human Response Patterns) show different basic frameworks and difficulties were discovered in integration of nursing diagnosis into the curriculum. To develop a conceptual framework for a nursing diagnosis classification system, diagnosis were classified into three categories ; health promotion, high risk problem, and actual problem on the basis of the framework used in adult nursing textbooks and Gordon's 11 Functional Health Patterns. Subconcepts for actual problems were classified as ; activity and rest, nutrition and elimination, perception and coordination, stress and coping. Progress in this study supports further development of a conceptual framework of nursing based on a nursing diagnosis classification system, from which improvement in nursing education and clinical practice can be expected.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2002

The main purpose of this methodological study was to develop an assessment tool and intervention protocol for child and family with childhood cancer at early diagnosis stage. The assessment tool and intervention protocol was developed by extensive literature review and consultation with experts. Review of nine domestic and sixty-six international journal articles were done to identify stress, interventions, coping strategies and adjustment of children with cancer and their family. Results were as follows; First, assessment at the early diagnosis stage need to include information on patient, family, and patient/family attitude toward diagnosis and treatment. Second, intervention protocol for children with cancer includes control physical symptoms, manage the side effects of chemotherapy and diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, control emotional responses, provide support and information, assist decision-making and adjust to environment. Third, intervention protocol for family includes controlling emotional responses, provision of informations, inducing family support to patient, improving family cohesion, supporting siblings and supporting spiritual growth. In conclusion, the early diagnosis stage in cancer treatment is important for child and family since this stage greatly affects the overall adjustment of child and family to live with cancer. Therefore, pediatric nurses need to be sensitive to the need of patient/family and systematically manage their needs at this stage.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.249-258
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to provide a basis for future theory development by analyzing the phenomenon of parent-child relationships based on the 4 areas described by Kim (2000). Methods: A descriptive research design was used to identify research trends in nursing related to the phenomenon of parent-child relationships. Results: Before 1990, the trend in research design was quantitative designs, but since 1990, qualitative research has also been done. Mothers were the most popular research target for these studies followed by mothers and children together. In analyzing the 4 areas outlined by Kim (2000), it was found that most of the research was done on client domain and parents. The research concepts relevant to the essentialistic concept of research target, were 'child rearing', 'breast-feeding' and 'attachment'. For problematic concepts, the concept of 'stress' was continuously dealt with over the period and for the health-care experiential concept, 'adjustment' and 'coping' by parents were the main focus of research. Conclusion: The results show that parent-child relationship research was mainly concentrated on research participants and concepts. In the future, improvements should be made in research development of nursing practice programs and development of theory, to address the complete phenomenon of parent-child relationships.

• 한국항공우주법학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.153-161
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• 2008

What was once known as common courtesy is rapidly disappearing in the air travel industry, and the violent behavior known as air rage is a constant threat. Once sought after by other industries for advice because of its expertise in customer service, the air travel industry has now slipped to the lowest rungs of companies with unhappy customers. As airlines cut corners in order to avoid bankruptcy, passengers' patience is tested by the stress of flight delays, crowded airports and close packed seating on airplanes. This article examines the situation, strategies used by passengers and ways the airline industry might better inspire courteous behavior in passengers. A cultural expectation of entitlement and competitiveness for limited resources has led to a breakdown in civilized behavior throughout society, both in the United States and internationally. Air travelers faced with rude and intrusive behavior from others on the flight are beginning to find their own ways of coping, such as high quality headphones to block offensive noises, and mechanical devices to keep the seat in front from reclining to the point where it hits their knees. The most potentially effective remedies will come from airlines that enlist cooperation by offering effective passenger education and possibly even incentives. Acceptable airline behaviors need to be plainly defined and stressed for passengers, both before boarding and onboard. In this paper, some methods are suggested to motivate passengers and to inspire courteous behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.109-119
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to develop the concept of resilience focusing on cancer patients in Korea. Methods: This study was done in three phases sugggested in the Hybrid Model; theoretical phase, fieldwork phase, and analytical phase. Eight cancer patients participated in the fieldwork phase. Results: The antecedent of the concept of resilience was the crisis or adversity that threatens life or changes the quality of life. The attributes of resilience were psychosocial, relational, situational confrontation and faith (philosophical) characteristics. 1) Psychosocial : self worth, self efficacy, self-confidence, independence, optimistic & positive mind, strong will, and responsibility, 2) Relational : relation-oriented, intimacy, and social interests, 3) Situational confrontation : appraisal of stress situation, problem-oriented coping, and ability to applicate a new situation, 4) Faith (philosophical) : the belief that self-knowledge is valuable, finding positive meanings, religious belief, a belief that lives are worthwhile and meaningful, and a balanced perspective of one's life. The consequences of resilience were acceptance of adversity, getting through one's dread and apprehensions, and gratitude & sharing life. The contributing factor of resilience is positive family support. Conclusion: The concept of resilience is necessary in order to manage cancer patients for promoting quality of life so that its application may have a positive impact on the patients care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.305-313
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to identify the current status of burnout research on Korean nurses and to suggest the directions for future research. Method: Fifty two articles between 1998 and 2007 were selected using the key words such as "Nurse" and "Burnout" from the database (RISS4U et al.). Results: 77.9% of studies were master's theses unpublished in the nursing journals. All studies were cross-sectional and therefore did not allow casual inference. Hospital nurses were the most common subjects (21 studies). The most frequently used burnout measurement instrument was the Burnout Measure, while the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used in only 6 studies. 55.7% of studies reported the average burnout score as higher than the middle level. Among individual factors, variables significantly correlated to burnout were age, position, work experience, coping, and personality. Some of job factors including shift work, workloads, job stress, and organizational commitment were also significantly related to burnout. There was very little discussion about the influence of organizational factors analyzed by unit or institution level. Conclusion: In Korea, the next phase of nurse burnout research needs to consider the measurement tool selection for the international comparison and longitudinal design to find more specific causal relationships.