• Title/Summary/Keyword: Coordinate system

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The Clinical Effect and Construction of a Stereotactic Whole Body Immobilization Device (전신 정위 고정장치 제작과 임상효과에 대한 연구)

  • 정진범;정원균;서태석;최경식;진호상;지영훈
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.30-38
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    • 2004
  • Purpose: To develop a whole body frame for the purpose of reducing patient motion and minimizing setup error for extra-cranial stereotactic radiotherapy, and to evaluate the repositioning setup error of a patient in the frame. Materials and Methods: The developed whole body frame is composed of a base plate, immobilizer, vacuum cushion, ruler and belts. The dimension of the base plate is 130 cm in length, 50 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness. The material used in the base plate of the frame was bakelite and the immobilizer was made of acetal. In addition, Radiopaque angio-catheter wires were engraved on the base plate for a coordinate system to determine the target localization. The measurement for radiation transmission and target localization is peformed in order to test the utilization of the frame. Also, a Matlab program analyzed the patients setup error by using the patient's setup images obtained from a CCTV camera and digital record recorder (DVR). Results: A frame that is useful for CT simulation and radiation treatment was fabricated. The frame structure was designed to minimize collisions from the changes in the rotation angle of the gantry and to maximize the transmission rate of the Incident radiation at the lateral or posterior oblique direction. The lightening belts may be used for the further reduction of the patient motion, and the belts can be adjusted so that they are not in the way of beam direction. The radiation transmission rates of this frame were measured as 95% and 96% at 10 and 21 MV, respectively. The position of a test target on the skin of a volunteer is accurately determined by CT simulation using the coordinate system in the frame. The estimated setup errors by Matlab program are shown 3.69$\pm$1.60, 2.14$\pm$0.78 mm at the lateral and central chest, and 7.11 $\pm$2.10, 6.54$\pm$2.22 mm at lateral and central abdomen, respectively. The setup error due to the lateral motion of breast is shown as 6.33$\pm$ 1.55 mm. Conclusion: The development and test of a whole body frame has proven very useful and practical in the radiosurgery for extra-cranial cancers. It may be used in determining target localization, and it can be used as a patient immobilization tool. More experimental data should be obtained in order to improve and confirm the results of the patient setup error.

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Implementation of a Self Controlled Mobile Robot with Intelligence to Recognize Obstacles (장애물 인식 지능을 갖춘 자율 이동로봇의 구현)

  • 류한성;최중경
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.312-321
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    • 2003
  • In this paper, we implement robot which are ability to recognize obstacles and moving automatically to destination. we present two results in this paper; hardware implementation of image processing board and software implementation of visual feedback algorithm for a self-controlled robot. In the first part, the mobile robot depends on commands from a control board which is doing image processing part. We have studied the self controlled mobile robot system equipped with a CCD camera for a long time. This robot system consists of a image processing board implemented with DSPs, a stepping motor, a CCD camera. We will propose an algorithm in which commands are delivered for the robot to move in the planned path. The distance that the robot is supposed to move is calculated on the basis of the absolute coordinate and the coordinate of the target spot. And the image signal acquired by the CCD camera mounted on the robot is captured at every sampling time in order for the robot to automatically avoid the obstacle and finally to reach the destination. The image processing board consists of DSP (TMS320VC33), ADV611, SAA7111, ADV7l76A, CPLD(EPM7256ATC144), and SRAM memories. In the second part, the visual feedback control has two types of vision algorithms: obstacle avoidance and path planning. The first algorithm is cell, part of the image divided by blob analysis. We will do image preprocessing to improve the input image. This image preprocessing consists of filtering, edge detection, NOR converting, and threshold-ing. This major image processing includes labeling, segmentation, and pixel density calculation. In the second algorithm, after an image frame went through preprocessing (edge detection, converting, thresholding), the histogram is measured vertically (the y-axis direction). Then, the binary histogram of the image shows waveforms with only black and white variations. Here we use the fact that since obstacles appear as sectional diagrams as if they were walls, there is no variation in the histogram. The intensities of the line histogram are measured as vertically at intervals of 20 pixels. So, we can find uniform and nonuniform regions of the waveforms and define the period of uniform waveforms as an obstacle region. We can see that the algorithm is very useful for the robot to move avoiding obstacles.

Analysis of Skin Color Pigments from Camera RGB Signal Using Skin Pigment Absorption Spectrum (피부색소 흡수 스펙트럼을 이용한 카메라 RGB 신호의 피부색 성분 분석)

  • Kim, Jeong Yeop
    • KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.41-50
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    • 2022
  • In this paper, a method to directly calculate the major elements of skin color such as melanin and hemoglobin from the RGB signal of the camera is proposed. The main elements of skin color typically measure spectral reflectance using specific equipment, and reconfigure the values at some wavelengths of the measured light. The values calculated by this method include such things as melanin index and erythema index, and require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera. It is difficult to find a direct calculation method for such component elements from a general digital camera, and a method of indirectly calculating the concentration of melanin and hemoglobin using independent component analysis has been proposed. This method targets a region of a certain RGB image, extracts characteristic vectors of melanin and hemoglobin, and calculates the concentration in a manner similar to that of Principal Component Analysis. The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to directly calculate the pixel unit because a group of pixels in a certain area is used as an input, and since the extracted feature vector is implemented by an optimization method, it tends to be calculated with a different value each time it is executed. The final calculation is determined in the form of an image representing the components of melanin and hemoglobin by converting it back to the RGB coordinate system without using the feature vector itself. In order to improve the disadvantages of this method, the proposed method is to calculate the component values of melanin and hemoglobin in a feature space rather than an RGB coordinate system using a feature vector, and calculate the spectral reflectance corresponding to the skin color using a general digital camera. Methods and methods of calculating detailed components constituting skin pigments such as melanin, oxidized hemoglobin, deoxidized hemoglobin, and carotenoid using spectral reflectance. The proposed method does not require special equipment such as a spectral reflectance measuring device or a multi-spectral camera, and unlike the existing method, direct calculation of the pixel unit is possible, and the same characteristics can be obtained even in repeated execution. The standard diviation of density for melanin and hemoglobin of proposed method was 15% compared to conventional and therefore gives 6 times stable.

Development of Intelligent ATP System Using Genetic Algorithm (유전 알고리듬을 적용한 지능형 ATP 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Tai-Young
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.131-145
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    • 2010
  • The framework for making a coordinated decision for large-scale facilities has become an important issue in supply chain(SC) management research. The competitive business environment requires companies to continuously search for the ways to achieve high efficiency and lower operational costs. In the areas of production/distribution planning, many researchers and practitioners have developedand evaluated the deterministic models to coordinate important and interrelated logistic decisions such as capacity management, inventory allocation, and vehicle routing. They initially have investigated the various process of SC separately and later become more interested in such problems encompassing the whole SC system. The accurate quotation of ATP(Available-To-Promise) plays a very important role in enhancing customer satisfaction and fill rate maximization. The complexity for intelligent manufacturing system, which includes all the linkages among procurement, production, and distribution, makes the accurate quotation of ATP be a quite difficult job. In addition to, many researchers assumed ATP model with integer time. However, in industry practices, integer times are very rare and the model developed using integer times is therefore approximating the real system. Various alternative models for an ATP system with time lags have been developed and evaluated. In most cases, these models have assumed that the time lags are integer multiples of a unit time grid. However, integer time lags are very rare in practices, and therefore models developed using integer time lags only approximate real systems. The differences occurring by this approximation frequently result in significant accuracy degradations. To introduce the ATP model with time lags, we first introduce the dynamic production function. Hackman and Leachman's dynamic production function in initiated research directly related to the topic of this paper. They propose a modeling framework for a system with non-integer time lags and show how to apply the framework to a variety of systems including continues time series, manufacturing resource planning and critical path method. Their formulation requires no additional variables or constraints and is capable of representing real world systems more accurately. Previously, to cope with non-integer time lags, they usually model a concerned system either by rounding lags to the nearest integers or by subdividing the time grid to make the lags become integer multiples of the grid. But each approach has a critical weakness: the first approach underestimates, potentially leading to infeasibilities or overestimates lead times, potentially resulting in excessive work-inprocesses. The second approach drastically inflates the problem size. We consider an optimized ATP system with non-integer time lag in supply chain management. We focus on a worldwide headquarter, distribution centers, and manufacturing facilities are globally networked. We develop a mixed integer programming(MIP) model for ATP process, which has the definition of required data flow. The illustrative ATP module shows the proposed system is largely affected inSCM. The system we are concerned is composed of a multiple production facility with multiple products, multiple distribution centers and multiple customers. For the system, we consider an ATP scheduling and capacity allocationproblem. In this study, we proposed the model for the ATP system in SCM using the dynamic production function considering the non-integer time lags. The model is developed under the framework suitable for the non-integer lags and, therefore, is more accurate than the models we usually encounter. We developed intelligent ATP System for this model using genetic algorithm. We focus on a capacitated production planning and capacity allocation problem, develop a mixed integer programming model, and propose an efficient heuristic procedure using an evolutionary system to solve it efficiently. This method makes it possible for the population to reach the approximate solution easily. Moreover, we designed and utilized a representation scheme that allows the proposed models to represent real variables. The proposed regeneration procedures, which evaluate each infeasible chromosome, makes the solutions converge to the optimum quickly.

Effectiveness of Microsatellite Markers for Parentage Analysis of Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) Broodstock (Microsatellite 마커를 이용한 대왕바리(Epinephelus lanceolatus) 친어 집단의 가계도 분석 효율)

  • Kim, Keun-Sik;Noh, Choong Hwan;Sade, Ahemad;Bang, In-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.10-15
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    • 2015
  • Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) is a endangered species considered as a vulnerable grade-organism in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. As a fundamental baseline study for establishing a giant grouper broodstock management system, the efficiency for parentage analysis was evaluated by using microsatellite makers previously available in this species. The eight microsatellites generated a total 52 alleles from 32 individuals, the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.663, and mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.011, consequently suggesting that the present broodstock has retained the high level of genetic diversity. However, our analysis also recommended the collection of more broodfish for more stable brood line, since the estimated value of the effective population size was proven to be 35. The average probability of identity was $6.85{\times}10^{-11}$. NE-2P and NE-PP of paternity non-exclusion probabilities were 0.00835 and 0.00027, respectively. As the result of principle coordinate analysis, the genotype of broodstock was not overlapped, suggesting that the management system of giant grouper based on eight selected microsatellite markers might be effective, although further validation with extended number of broodfish might also be needed in future. Data of present study could be a useful basis to avoid the unwanted selection of broodfish that possess close genetic relationship with current broodstock, and consequently to establish effective broodstock management system allowing the production of progeny with high genetic diversity.

The Construction of GIS-based Flood Risk Area Layer Considering River Bight (하천 만곡부를 고려한 GIS 기반 침수지역 레이어 구축)

  • Lee, Geun-Sang;Yu, Byeong-Hyeok;Park, Jin-Hyeog;Lee, Eul-Rae
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2009
  • Rapid visualization of flood area of downstream according to the dam effluent in flood season is very important in dam management works. Overlay zone of river bight should be removed to represent flood area efficiently based on flood stage which was modeled in river channels. This study applied drainage enforcement algorithm to visualize flood area considering river bight by coupling Coordinate Operation System for Flood control In Multi-reservoir (COSFIM) and Flood Wave routing model (FLDWAV). The drainage enforcement algorithm is a kind of interpolation which gives to advantage into hydrological process studies by removing spurious sinks of terrain in automatic drainage algorithm. This study presented mapping technique of flood area layer considering river bight in Namgang-Dam downstream, and developed system based on Arcobject component to execute this process automatically. Automatic extraction system of flood area layer could save time-consuming efficiently in flood inundation visualization work which was propelled based on large volume data. Also, flood area layer by coupling with IKONOS satellite image presented real information in flood disaster works.

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The Suggestion of the Image Registration Using Terrain Relief Correction Based on RFM (유리함수모델 기반 표고시차보상기법을 사용한 Image Registration 방안 제안)

  • Kim, Hyun-Suk;Kim, Moon-Gyu;Seo, Doo-Chun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.21-30
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    • 2012
  • When two bands have different look angle in a space-borne camera system, the registration between two bands is required. The registration cannot be modeled with constant parameters because of dynamic of platform and parallax effect. The parallax effect is caused by terrain relief, hence it causes local distortion between two bands. Therefore, the terrain relief correction in order to reduce the parallax effect is required for better registration result, especially for high resolution image data. Such terrain relief correction also can be applied to image data acquired from multiple detectors with different look angle within a band, which is a one of commonly used configuration for a wider swath in space-borne camera system, in order to reduce the distortion between detectors. The RFM is a popular abstract model in remote sensing field, which gives us the relationship between the image plane and geodetic coordinate system. Therefore, we propose a terrain relief correction method based on the RFM. The experiment showed very promising result.

A Study on Improvement of School Lunch Programs and Its Health and Education Effect in Korea (학교급식효과(學校給食效果)와 제도개선(制度改善)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Hee Yong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.86-117
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    • 1988
  • The purpose of school lunch service programs (SLPs) is to provide school children with nutritious meals each day, to assist them in improving their mental and physical development, to make them understand the basic knowledge needed for healthy daily living throughout their lives with sound nutritional habits, and further, to enhance the national health status as well as the individual. The major purpose of this study is to describe the history and current status and promotional plans in Korea's SLSPs to improve the nation's health status. The major findings of this study are as follow: 1) The progression of the SLSPs can be devided into four major periods: Relief (1953-1972), Self-supportive (1973-1977), System-establishment (1973-1983), System-development(1984- ). 2) As result of the implementation of SLSPs in Korea, many positive effects have been found in school education, notably in the field of physical growth, social development and personality cultivation. 3) This study deals with a more detailed assessment with regard to the effects of the program on school education activities and the improvement of nutritional habits in the family. Although it is limited and not yet complete, the program implementation has contributed to the improvement in children's food-intake habits, understanding of food, and manners, and increased sanitary consciousness. It has also affected of parent's concerns and attitudes towards the improvement of daily meals as well as national eating patterns, and eventually provided motivation for increased farm production of nutritious food stuffs and reasonable food consumption. 4) The SLSPs does have its stare of problem such as an unsatisfactory budget, lack of understanding of the program by school personnel and parents. However, there is no doubt that the SLSPs should be carried out effectively for better health, and especially for the growth and development of the children. Finally, the problems and promotive Plans of the SLSPs can be approached by aspects of the administrative, financial and operational systems. These system have to coordinate with relevant authorities to expand participation in the program for the successful implementation of the SLSPs. The eventual objective this study is to propose ways and means for mobilizing every available element in the effort to attain the goals of educating and training healthy and competent personnel manpower, stabilizing the demand and supply of food and the ensuring adequate coordination of national food production and consumption.

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A Design and Implementation of a Content_Based Image Retrieval System using Color Space and Keywords (칼라공간과 키워드를 이용한 내용기반 화상검색 시스템 설계 및 구현)

  • Kim, Cheol-Ueon;Choi, Ki-Ho
    • The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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    • v.4 no.6
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    • pp.1418-1432
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    • 1997
  • Most general content_based image retrieval techniques use color and texture as retrieval indices. In color techniques, color histogram and color pair based color retrieval techniques suffer from a lack of spatial information and text. And This paper describes the design and implementation of content_based image retrieval system using color space and keywords. The preprocessor for image retrieval has used the coordinate system of the existing HSI(Hue, Saturation, Intensity) and preformed to split One image into chromatic region and achromatic region respectively, It is necessary to normalize the size of image for 200*N or N*200 and to convert true colors into 256 color. Two color histograms for background and object are used in order to decide on color selection in the color space. Spatial information is obtained using a maximum entropy discretization. It is possible to choose the class, color, shape, location and size of image by using keyword. An input color is limited by 15 kinds keyword of chromatic and achromatic colors of the Korea Industrial Standards. Image retrieval method is used as the key of retrieval properties in the similarity. The weight values of color space ${\alpha}(%)and\;keyword\;{\beta}(%)$ can be chosen by the user in inputting the query words, controlling the values according to the properties of image_contents. The result of retrieval in the test using extracted feature such as color space and keyword to the query image are lower that those of weight value. In the case of weight value, the average of te measuring parameters shows approximate Precision(0.858), Recall(0.936), RT(1), MT(0). The above results have proved higher retrieval effects than the content_based image retrieval by using color space of keywords.

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Development of the 3D Rail Profile Reconstruction Method Improving the Measurement Accuracy of Railway Abrasion (레일 마모도의 측정 정밀도 향상을 위한 3차원 레일 프로파일 재구성 기법 개발)

  • Ahn, Sung-Hyuk;Kim, Man-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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    • 2010.06a
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    • pp.533-539
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    • 2010
  • The The contactless railway abrasion measurement system have to satisfy two conditions to increase the measurement accuracy as follows. The laser region projected on the rail have to be extracted without the geometrical distortion. The mapping of the acquired laser region data on the rail profile have to be matched with the cross section of rail, exactly. But, the conventional railway abrasion measurement system is required the post image processing with a camera model and a perspective transform for the exact mapping between the cross section of rail and the coordinate data extracted from a line laser region or the raw image obtained from a camera because the image captured from the camera has an oblique viewpoint. So, the measured rail profile data had limits to the measurement accuracy because of a discontinuity point. In this Paper, we propose the 3D rail profile reconstruction method to increase the accuracy of the railway abrasion measurement system applying the modified camera model and perspective transform to the image obtained from the bidirectional rail.

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