• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.325-330
• /
• 2013

Kefir is traditional fermented milk produced by various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast, which produce lactic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other flavor compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different commercial oligosaccharides, such as maltotriose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO), on the fermentation properties of kefir. First, we determined the acidification kinetic parameters, such as $V_{max}$, $t_{max}$(h), $t_{pH5.0}$(h), and $t_f$(h) of fermented milk supplemented with 4% (w/w) of different oligosaccharides. The probiotic survival and chemical composition (pH, organic acids profile, and ethanol content) of kefir during fermentation were also measured. Compared to control fermentation, all oligosaccharides increased acidification rate and reduced the time to complete fermentation (pH 4.7). The addition of FOS, in particular, resulted in the lowest $t_f$(h) and the highest populations of LAB and yeast during fermentation. All oligosaccharides increased ethanol production during fermentation. Further, significant differences were observed in the formation rates of six organic acids during fermentation. This study provided comparative data on the properties of commercial oligosaccharides for kefir manufacturing. Consequently, FOS especially had the potential for adequate and effective oligosaccharides in commercial kefir for the improvement of cost- and time-effectiveness.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
• /
• v.3 no.12
• /
• pp.455-462
• /
• 2014

In recent years, various services in mobile environments due to the growth of mobile devices and related techniques like wireless networks. Furthermore, as the increasing communication traffic in cellular networks has become a new significant issue, many studies for device-to-device(D2D) communication and D2D-based cooperative services have been performed recently. In this paper, we design a smart agent system for D2D-based cooperative services and propose a dynamic service binding method based on service ontology. We classify roles of mobile devices for cooperative services by defining three types of smart agents, and construct a knowledge base in order to describe properties of 'service' unit. The proposed knowledge model, D2D cooperative service ontology, can enable a autonomous cooperative services between mobile devices by binding a requested service to the appropriate member device according to the real-time context in mobile environments.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.63-73
• /
• 2004

This study investigated the effect of cooperative learning on the middle school students’ conceptual change of atmospheric and water cycle and also examined the verbal interaction patterns in a cooperative group. The study also analyzed the relationship between the verbal interaction and students’ conceptual change in the cooperative learning situation. Two classes from a middle school were selected as an experimental group (cooperative learning group, n = 37) and a control group (traditional learning group, n = 37), respectively. The experimental group was taught by STAD cooperative learning model and received collaborative skill training. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: first, there were no significant differences in conceptual change between the two groups. As for the middle-achieving students on the pretest, however, the score of the cooperative learning group was significantly higher than that of the traditional learning group. Secondly, verbal interaction in the cooperative learning situation mainly happened among high- and middle achieving students. In addition, the students who were successful in undergoing conceptual change had more frequent verbal interactions than the students who were not. The study suggests that it is more important to interact between a teacher and students than to interact between the students and students in order to correct students’ misconception.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the educational effect of cooperative learning, which enables learners to make portfolio by taking advantage of their knowledge and skills acquired through practice, on an oral prophylaxis practice course in an attempt to stir up the spontaneous learning of learners, their learning interest and problem-solving skills. Methods : The selected dental hygiene students engaged in cooperative learning in oral prophylaxis practice III class in the second semester of their sophomore year by utilizing portfolio that was prepared by altering an inclusive dental hygiene practice model. They completed all the 15-week practice course, and then their portfolio was evaluated. They were divided into eight nonequivalent groups whose members were all different in academic standing, and their learning strategies and academic self-efficacy were checked before and after the instruction was provided. And their satisfaction with the class was investigated after the instruction was provided. Results : 1. There were significant gaps to $0.36{\pm}0.07$ in the charge of learning strategies after they engaged in cooperative learning(p<0.01). There were the broadest differences in cognitive strategies to 3.61, followed by metacognitive strategies to 3.19, and significant differences were found in all the subfactors(p<0.01). 2. There were significant gaps in the charge of self-efficancy to $0.13{\pm}0.06$ after they engaged in cooperative learning(p<0.01). There were the widest differences in self-regulating efficancy to 3.49, followed by confidence to 3.03 and task difficulty preference to 2.97, and significant differences were found in all the subfactors(p<0.01). 3. When their satisfaction level was analyzed after engaging in cooperative learning, there were significant gaps to 3.94 in the satisfaction level with all of the lectures(p<0.01). There were significant gaps in the satisfaction level with lecture to 4.20, with ensuring academic achievement to 4.13 and with cooperative learning to 3.48 (p<0.01). Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings indicated that cooperative learning had a positive impact on the learning strategies, academic self-efficacy and class satisfaction of the learners, and this study is expected to lay the foundation for the development of new teaching methods for dental hygiene.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2006

We incorporated cooperative learning focusing on the 'Crustal Deformation' in five classes of second grade students, at an all-girls' middle school of Gimje city. The groups of cooperative learning were composed of four members of students each, according to the heterogeneous level. We conducted a pretest on the students' preference before incorporating the cooperative learning. After ten weeks of cooperative school work, the students took a post test with the same questions as the pretest. The result of this method greatly impacted the change on the students' scientific preference. It means that the students showed a positive change in their awareness of and participation in science classes, compared to before. However it is difficult to distinguish the differences in their scientific attitude on the recognition about scientists and habits which make them think scientifically. This resulted from the short period of ten weeks which is not sufficient to carry out the study strategy effectively. Surveys of the students on cooperative learning indicates that the middle level students prefer this method unlike the higher or lower level students. we are convinced that they can learn from the students of higher level and are able to help the lower level with the interaction through cooperative learning. According to the result of the survey, the method has some weaknesses; it arouses the high noise levels and consequent disturbance due to verbal interaction and of conflicts due to disagreements when they discuss the process. On the contrary, advantages are developing the students's interest in science class, helping them to learn, creating positive participation in class, and fostering mutual collaboration with other students through cooperative learning.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.495-501
• /
• 2021

This study examined the effects of pre-service teacher's cooperative organizational culture on the conflict management type. The subjects were 138 preschool teachers. The data were obtained by self-reporting and used to investigate the teacher's conflict management type and cooperative organizational culture. The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and stepwise regression analysis. The major findings in this study were as follows; First, there was a relationship between the cooperative organizational culture of early childhood teachers and the overall type of conflict management. The overall cooperative organizational culture had the strongest relationship, particularly with the integrated type of conflict management. The following appeared in the order of compromise, consideration, and domination. On the other hand, there was no relationship with the avoidance type. Second, regarding the sub-factor of conflict management type that affects the cooperative organizational culture of early childhood teachers, the integrated type has the strongest influence, followed by the caring type. In the sub-factor of cooperative organizational culture, the integrated type has the strongest influence on the cooperative leadership, followed by the caring type. The integrated type had the greatest influence on teacher cooperation, peer support, and learning companion.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.227-261
• /
• 2015

Cooperative associations are established in order to enhance the rights and the interests of their members and serve the local communities, and actually do much for the local society. And among these, consumer cooperatives are spontaneously founded, particularly in the spirit of mutual help, in order to promote the common welfare of the members. Meanwhile, because the current medical law qualifys noncommercial corporation to open medical institution, consumer cooperative and noncommercial- corporation cooperative which are established under the Cooperative Act have the right to do. However, though cooperative association should be founded for common interests of the members who are weaker parties of society, it became rapidly to be abused as means of circumvention of law. Especially as National Health Insurance Corporation stepped up the investigation and the collection of unfair profits against the hospital owned by non-medical personnel who are unable to establish a medical institution, setting up medical institutions as a roundabout way to avoid the restricts dramatically increased in number. In this study, we are going to introduce the current dualised normative system regulating the establishment of a medical cooperative association, and find a way to improve the system and make up for the week points. And we will look though the present situation about medical cooperative association's opening, operating, and closing, and review the normative and systematic improving plans.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.123-132
• /
• 1998

After late 1980s, new approach is needed for satisfying with people's various information needs and better quality of life on Korean extension service. The United States began modern extension service at first and has influenced many countries. Cooperative extension service has helped people practically by searching into people's problem and developing various channel to diffuse. Cooperative extension adopts changes in extension service environment and puts them to use. Based on the extension service in the United States, following recommendations were suggested; 1) carrying out extension service to meet the changing needs of people, 2) strengthening the extension function of agricultural Colleges, 3) review of cooperative agricultural research and extension, 4) developing programs and management, 5) accumulation agricultural information and utilizing them.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.59-74
• /
• 1998

Home economics lesson plan model was developed based on cooperative learning stategy focusing on human development and family relations area. The cooperative learning is an instructional strategy that meets the challenge of helping students master home economics content objectives by acquiring and practicing the social skills that are essential in life for satisfactory relationships with peers, families, coworkers, and others in society. Through cooperative learning, students can satisfy their needs for friendship, power, belongs, and fun. Practical problems were selected in human development and family relations area for middle school students assuming that home economics is critical science. Lesson plans were developed according to the practical problems, "what should we do regarding the effective communication between family members\ulcorner".ner".uot;.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.3 no.5
• /
• pp.461-474
• /
• 2009

The cognitive radio (CR) technique is a useful tool for improving spectrum utilization by detecting and using the vacant spectrum bands in which cooperative spectrum sensing is a key element, while avoiding interfering with the primary user. In this paper, we propose a novel cluster-based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme in cognitive radio with two solutions for the purpose of improving in sensing performance. First, for the cluster header, we use the double adaptive energy thresholds and a multi-bit quantization with different quantization interval for improving the cluster performance. Second, in the common receiver, the weighed HALF-voting rule will be applied to achieve a better combination of all cluster decisions into a global decision.