• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 1995

In pressure cooling system, produce were packed in vented box and cooled rapidly by producing a difference in air pressure on opposite faces of stacks of vented box. So, energy requirements and performance of pressure cooling system depended upon the air flow rate and the static pressure drop through packed produce in vented box. The static pressure drop across packed produce in vented box normally depended upon air flow rate, vent area of box and conditions of produce bed (depth, porosity, stacking patterns, size and shape of products) in box. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of vent area and air flow rate on airflow resistance of empty box and packed produce in vented box, and to investigate the relationship between the air flow resistance of packed products in vented box and sum of air flow resistance of empty box only and products in bulk only. Mandarins and tomatoes were used in the experiment. The airflow rate were in the range of 0.02~1.0$m^3$/s.$m^2$, the opening ratio of vent hole were in the range of 2.5~20% of the side area. The results were summerized as follows. 1. The pressure drops across vented box increased in proportion to superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to opening ratio of vent hole. A regression equation to calculate airflow resistance of vented box was derived as a function of superficial air velocity and opening ratio of vent hole. 2. The pressure drops across packed produce in vented box increased in proportion to superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to opening ratio of vent hole. 3. Because of the air velocity increase in the vicinity of vent hole in box, the airflow resistances of packed products in vented box were always higher than sum of air flow resistance of empty box only and products in bulk only. 4. Based on the airflow resistance of empty box and products in bulk, a regression equation to calculate airflow resistance of packed products in vented box was derived.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.961-968
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• 2015

This study aims to develop an efficient mold structure for the injection molding of a subminiature lens, using shell-type runners instead of traditional cylindrical runners. While the shell runner has the advantage of shorter cooling time due to its thinner geometry, this smaller thickness causes an increase in injection pressure. In this study, the design of the shell runner was modified to contain multiple holes for the purpose of reducing injection pressure. Numerical analyses were performed for shell runners of various hole-shapes, and the resulting filling and cooling characteristics were discussed; the rhombic hole showed the best result for both filling and cooling characteristics. Subsequently, injection molding experiments were performed using an injection mold fabricated based on the rhombic design. The lens parts were successfully molded with highly-reduced cycle time and without degradation of part quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.67-72
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• 2008

The film cooling effectiveness on a flat plate measured by pressure sensitive paint technique. Six film cooling hole were fabricated on a flat plate with 30 degree angle with respect to the surface and three blowing ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2 were tested. Results showed that PSP technique successfully evaluated the distribution of film cooling effectiveness and showed similar results with references. The film cooling effectiveness near the film cooling holes was higher for lower blowing ratio case. As the blowing ratio was increased, the film cooling effectiveness near the film cooling hole decreased due to the lift off of the coolant. At far downstream, the film cooling effectiveness for higher blowing ratio was higher due to the coolant reattachment.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.52-58
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• 2014

In the present work, design optimization of film-cooling hole array on the pressure side of high pressure turbine nozzle was conducted. There are four rows of fan-shaped film cooling holes on the nozzle pressure side surface and each row has a straight array of holes in the spanwise direction for baseline model. For design optimization, hole distributions in streamwise and spanwise directions for three rows of holes except first row are parameterized as a 2nd-order shape function. Three-dimensional compressible RANS equations are used for flow and thermal analysis around the nozzle surface and optimization technique using Design of Experiment, Kriging surrogate model and Genetic Algorithm is used. The results shows that averaged adiabatic wall temperature at the whole nozzle surface decreases about 2.7% and averaged film cooling effectiveness at the pressure side of nozzle increased about 8.2%.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.870-879
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• 2000

An experimental investigation is conducted to improve a slot film cooling system which can be used for the cooling of gas turbine combustor liner. The tangential slots are constructed of discrete holes with different injection types which are the parallel, vertical, and combined to the slot lip. The investigation is focused on the coolant supply systems of normal-, parallel-, and counter-flow paths to the mainstream direction. A naphthalene sublimation technique has been employed to measure the local heat/mass transfer coefficients in a slot with various injection types and coolant feeding directions. The velocity distributions at the exit of slot lip for the parallel and vertical injection types are fairly uniform with mild periodical patterns with respect to the hole positions. However, the combined injection type increases the nonuniformity of flow distribution with the period equaling twice that of hole-to-hole pitch due to splitting and merging of the ejected flows. The secondary flow at the lip exit has uniform velocity distributions for the parallel and vertical injection types, which are similar to the results of a two-dimensional slot injection. In the results of local heat/mass transfer coefficient, the best cooling performance inside the slot is obtained with the vertical injection type among the three different injection types due to the effect of jet impingement. The lateral distributions of Sh with the parallel- and counter-flow paths are more uniform than the normal flow path. The averaged Sh with the injection holes are $2{\sim}5$ times higher than that of a smooth two-dimensional slot path.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.8 no.4 s.31
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• pp.39-47
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• 2005

The present study has been performed to investigate the influences of rectangular fins on heat transfer in an impingement/effusion cooling system with crossflow. To simulate the impingement/effusion cooling system with initial crossflow, two perforated plates are placed in parallel and staggered arrangements with a gap distance of 2 times of the hole diameter. The crossflow passes between the plates, and various rectangular fins are installed on the plates. Reynolds number based on the hole diameter is fixed to 10,000 and the flow rate of crossflow is changed from 0.5 to 1.5 times of that of the impinging jet. A naphthalene sublimation method is used to obtain the heat/mass transfer coefficients on the effusion plate. Also to analyze the flow characteristics, a numerical calculation is performed. When rectangular fins are installed, the flow and heat transfer pattern is changed greatly from the case without fins. In the injection hole region, the jet impinges on effusion plate without deflection and wall jet spreads symmetrically. In the effusion region, the crossflow accelerates due to the decrease of cross-sectional area in the channel. Local heat/mass transfer coefficients are enhanced significantly compared to the case without fins. As the blowing ratio increases, the effect of rectangular fins against the crossflow becomes more significant and then the higher average heat/mass transfer coefficients are obtained than the case without fins. However, the increase of blockage effect gives more pressure loss in the channel.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.12a
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• pp.289-296
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• 2004

The present study has been performed to investigate the influences of rectangular fins on heat transfer in an impingement/effusion cooling system with crossflow. To simulate the impingement/effusion cooling system with initial crossflow, two perforated plates are placed in parallel and staggered arrangements with a gap distance of 2 times of the hole diameter. The crossflow passes between the plates, and various rectangular fins are installed on the plates. Reynolds number based on the hole diameter is fixed to 10,000 and the flow rate of crossflow is changed from 0.5 to 1.5 times of that of the impinging jet. A naphthalene sublimation method is used to obtain the heat/mass transfer coefficients on the effusion plate. Also to analyze the flow characteristics, a numerical calculation is performed. When rectangular fins are installed, the flow and heat transfer pattern is changed greatly from case without fins. In the injection hole region, the jet impinges on effusion plate without deflection and wall jet spreads symmetrically. In the effusion region, the crossflow accelerates due to the decrease of cross-sectional area in the channel. Local heat/mass transfer coefficients are enhanced significantly compared to case without fins. As the blowing ratio increases, the effect of fins against the crossflow becomes more significant and then the higher average heat/mass transfer coefficients are obtained than the case without fins.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 1997

Numerous variables affect product cooling rate of pressure cooling system for fruits and vegetables. These include carton vent area, initial and desired final product temperature, flow rate and temperature of the cooling air, product size, shape and thermal properties and product configuration(whether in bulk or packed in shipping cartons). This study was carried out to determine the influence of each of these variables as they affect cooling time. The opening ratio and number of the vent hole were recomended as 4∼10% and 2∼4ea., respectively, for a minimum alt flow resistance and for a uniform air flow pattern. In the cooling experiment for tomatoes and mandarins, optimum air flow rate was 0.04 m3/min.kg in terms of energy saving. The cooling air temperature should be about 2$^{\circ}C$ less than the desired final product temperature for reducing cooling time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2007

The heat generated by the brake system of vehicles results in reduction of friction force on the brake surface and vibration when breaking. These problems play essential part in break's performance. To solve these problems, extensive research has been conducted such as drilling cooling holes on the brake pud, accommodating ventilated holes and etc. In this study, we suggest the compression of brake in circumferential direction in order to improve its cooling performance. And we analyzed comparing temperature distribution which is generated accomplishing heat analysis at each disc.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2505-2510
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• 2008

A nuclear fuel test loop (after below, FTL) is installed in IR1 of an irradiation hole in HANARO for testing neutron irradiation characteristics and thermo hydraulic characteristics of a fuel loaded in a light water power reactor or a heavy water power reactor. When HANARO is normally operated, the fuel loaded in the irradiation hole has a nuclear reaction heat generated by a neutron irradiation. To remove the generated heat and to maintain an operation condition of the test fuel, a main cooling water system (MCWS) is installed in the OPS of the FTL. This paper describes the cold function test results of the MCWS. It was confirmed through the test results that the system met the design requirements under a cold operation condition.