• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.508-513
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• 2011

Hemp is known as one of the most productive and useful plants, which grows quickly in a moderate climate with only moderate water and fertilizer. Traditionally in Korea, hemp bast is used to natural fibres, and remaining such as stem and root is treated as waste. Those of hemp by-products can be transformed to bio fuel such as bio-oil and activated carbon. To understand pyrolysis characteristics, thermogravimetric analysis were carried out in TGA, in which hemp by-products were mostly decomposed at the temperature range of $270{\sim}370^{\circ}C$. The corresponding kinetic parameters including activation energy and pre-exponential factor were determined by differential method over the degree of conversions. The values of activation energies for pyrolysis were increased as the conversion increased from 10 to 90%.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1157-1168
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of wheat bran (WB) inclusion and postbiotics form by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and phytase co-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth performance and health status of broilers. Methods: Study randomly allocated a total of 300 male broilers to a control and 4 treatment groups (5% WB, 5% FWB, 10% WB, and 10% FWB inclusion, respectively) with each pen having 20 broilers and 3 pens per treatment. Results: The WB does not contain enzymes, but there are 152.8, 549.2, 289.5, and 147.1 U/g dry matter xylanase, protease, cellulase and β-glucanase in FWB, respectively. Furthermore, FWB can decrease nitric oxide release of lipopolysaccharide stimulated chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells by about two times. Results show that 10% FWB inclusion had significantly the highest weight gain (WG) at 1 to 21 d; 5% FWB had the lowest feed conversion rate at 22 to 35 d; 10% WB and 10% FWB inclusion have the highest villus height and Lactobacillus spp. number in caecum; and both 5% and 10% FWB can increase ash content in femurs. Compared to control group, all treatments increase mucin 2, and tight junction (TJ), such as occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, and mRNA expression in ileum by at least 5 folds. In chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-1 mRNA expression decreases from 2 to 5 times, and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit mRNA expression also increases in all treatment groups compared to control group. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB, and IL-1β, decreases in 5% and 10% FWB groups compared to control group. Conclusion: To summarize, both WB and FWB inclusion in broilers diets increase TJ mRNA expression and anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, but up to 10% FWB groups have better WG in different stages of broiler development.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2022

Biodiesel production has attracted attention as a sustainable source of fuel and is a competitive alternate to diesel engines. The glycerol that is produced as a by-product is generally discarded as waste and can be converted to green chemicals such as acetins to increase bio-diesel profitability. Acetins find application in fuel, food, pharmaceutical and leather industries. Batch experiments and analysis have been previously conducted for synthesis of acetins using glycerol esterification reaction aided by sulfated metal oxide catalysts (SO₄^2-/CeO₂-ZrO₂). The aim of this study was to optimize process parameters: effects of mole ratio of reactants (glycerol and acetic acid), catalyst concentration and reaction temperature to maximize glycerol conversion/acetin selectivity. The optimum conditions for this reaction were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) designed as per a five-level-three-factor central composite design (CCD). Statistica software 10 was used to analyze the experimental data obtained. The optimized conditions obtained were molar ratio - 1:12, catalyst concentration - 6 wt.% and temperature -90 ℃. A packed bed reactor was fabricated and column studies were performed using the optimized conditions. The breakthrough curve was analyzed.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2022

Due to medical and economic development, various treatment methods are being studied to restore or maintain beautiful and healthy teeth. In particular, interest in aesthetic treatment procedures such as prosthetic treatment and whitening to restore tooth loss is increasing. One of the important things in the field of prosthetics and esthetic treatment is to determine the correct color of teeth because harmony with natural teeth is an important factor in determining the perfection of esthetic prostheses. This study is about the development of a colorimetry application for tooth colorimetry using a smartphone camera. The colorimetry application UI was designed, the colorimetry algorithm was derived and the application was implemented, and the validity of the application was verified through testing the implemented application.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1205-1214
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• 2022

Objective: Spent ginger is a byproduct of juice extraction from the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Despite its nutritional value, it is difficult to preserve or further process and thus is often wasted. This study uses spent ginger as a substrate for fermentation and cultivates spent ginger yeast cultures (SGYCs) that are then added to the feed of laying hens. The effects of SGYCs on production performance, egg quality, serum composition, and intestinal microbiota of laying hens were investigated. Methods: Eighty 60-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were separated into 5 experimental groups with 4 replicates per group (4 hens per cage, 4 cages per replicate). The control group was fed a basal diet while experimental groups were also given SGYCs at the levels of 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/kg for 6 weeks. Results: The addition of SGYCs significantly increased the laying rate and nutrient digestibility, decreased feed conversion ratio, and enhanced the color of egg yolks (p<0.05). No changes were observed in activity levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the serum (p>0.05), but the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxidase all significantly increased, and contents of malondialdehyde were significantly reduced (p<0.05). In addition, changes in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes might be the main factor contributing to the significant increase in the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fat in laying hens (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current evidence shows that dietary supplementation of SGYCs to the feed of laying hens can improve laying rates, enhance antioxidative defenses, and influence dominant intestinal bacteria.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.594-599
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• 2022

In the study, NH₃-SCO (selective catalytic oxidation) reaction activity accodrding to vanadium loading amount were compared when preparing Pt/V/TiO₂. Considering both NH₃ conversion rate and N₂ selectivity, V 2 wt% loading of the catalyst showed the best activity. When the correlation between physical/chemical characteristics and reaction activity was confirmed, it was confirmed that the increase in lattice oxygen and (V³⁺ + V⁴⁺) ratios were active factor. In addition, when the SO₂ durability experiment was conducted using the best catalyst, it was confirmed that the influence was insignificant even if the high concentration of SO₂ was injected.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 2022

Most of the preceding studies related to Internet Primary banks are studies on laws, regulations, and expected effects of introduction, and studies on financial consumers' intention to switch to financial services are insufficient. Apply to the PPM(Push-Pull-Mooring)theory to find out the factors that influence financial consumers' intention to switch services from commercial banks to Internet Primary banks. A survey was conducted service users, 1st-order and 2nd-order factor analysis were performed using Smart PLS 3.0. As a result, it was confirmed that the Pull, Push and Mooring had a positive (+) effect on the Intention to Switch, and the Mooring, which is a moderating variable, did not have a moderating effect on the Intention to Switch of the Push and the Pull. The scope of application of the PPM theory, which was used in the service conversion research, was extended to Fintech services, and it can provide various practical useful implications, such as the strategy and spread of Internet Primary banks, and it will be used in various studies to study consumer attitudes.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2022

The present study measured the growth performance of juvenile hybrid of red-spotted grouper ♀ × giant grouper ♂ (RGGG) across four water temperatures (19, 23, 27, and 31℃) and compared it to those of maternal purebreds (red-spotted grouper ♀ × ♂, RG) for eight weeks. The specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) of RGGG increased as temperature increased, with greater SGR and WG at higher temperatures (27 and 31℃) than RG. The condition factor of RGGG was higher than that of RG and there were no differences between temperature groups within breeding lines. Food consumption increased at higher temperatures for both RGGG and RG, and was the highest in the 31℃ group. Similar to the SGR and WG, the food conversion rate (FCR) in RGGG decreased with increasing water temperature, with the significantly lowest value at 31℃; in RG, however, FCR progressively decreased in the 27℃ group, then increased in the 31℃ group. Furthermore, the FCR of the 31℃ group of RGGG, which had the lowest value among the RGGG groups, was lower than that of the 27℃ group of RG, which had the lowest RG value. In the analysis of nonlinear regression curves within the range of experimental temperature, the optimum temperature for SGR and FCR in RGGG was 31℃, unlike in RG. In conclusion, the growth performance of juvenile RGGG seems to have largely improved from the influence of paternal traits, hybrid with giant grouper, and it is presumed to be more profitable for commercial production in tropics/subtropics.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.564-574
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• 2022

Epithin/PRSS14 is a membrane serine protease that plays a key role in tumor progression. The protease exists on the cell surface until its ectodomain shedding, which releases most of the extracellular domain. Previously, we showed that the remaining portion on the membrane undergoes intramembrane proteolysis, which results in the liberation of the intracellular domain and the intracellular domain-mediated gene expression. In this study, we investigated how the intramembrane proteolysis for the nuclear function is initiated. We observed that ectodomain shedding of epithin/PRSS14 in mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells increased depending on environmental conditions and was positively correlated with invasiveness of the cells and their proinvasive cytokine production. We identified selenite as an environmental factor that can induce ectodomain shedding of the protease and increase C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) secretion in an epithin/PRSS14-dependent manner. Additionally, by demonstrating that the expression of the intracellular domain of epithin/PRSS14 is sufficient to induce CCL2 secretion, we established that epithin/PRSS14-dependent shedding and its subsequent intramembrane proteolysis are responsible for the metastatic conversion of 4T1 cells under these conditions. Consequently, we propose that epithin/PRSS14 can act as an environment-sensing receptor that promotes cancer metastasis by liberating the intracellular domain bearing transcriptional activity under conditions promoting ectodomain shedding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.312-329
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• 2022

Feed cost is the main factor affecting the economic benefits of pig industry. Improving the feed efficiency (FE) can reduce the feed cost and improve the economic benefits of pig breeding enterprises. Liver is a complex metabolic organ which affects the distribution of nutrients and regulates the efficiency of energy conversion from nutrients to muscle or fat, thereby affecting feed efficiency. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can regulate feed efficiency through the modulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this study, we analyzed miRNA profiling of liver tissues in High-FE and Low-FE pigs for the purpose of identifying key miRNAs related to feed efficiency. A total 212~221 annotated porcine miRNAs and 136~281 novel miRNAs were identified in the pig liver. Among them, 188 annotated miRNAs were co-expressed in High-FE and Low-FE pigs. The 14 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE) in the livers of high-FE pigs and low-FE pigs, of which 5 were downregulated and 9 were upregulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of liver DE miRNAs in high-FE pigs and low-FE pigs indicated that the target genes of DE miRNAs were significantly enriched in insulin signaling pathway, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway, and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. To verify the reliability of sequencing results, 5 DE miRNAs were randomly selected for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR results of miRNAs were confirmed to be consistent with sequencing data. DE miRNA data indicated that liver-specific miRNAs synergistically acted with mRNAs to improve feed efficiency. The liver miRNAs expression analysis revealed the metabolic pathways by which the liver miRNAs regulate pig feed efficiency.