• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2001

최근 들어 설계서의 누락, 오류 및 불분명과 관련된 클레임이 급증하고 있으며, 다양한 건설분쟁해결방법이 모색되고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 시공자들은 발주자가 제시하는 클레임조정결과의 내용이 건설현장을 적절히 반영하지 못하였음을 이유로 이를 받아들이지 아니하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 계약당사자의 책임 및 건설 클레임을 분석한 후 공공공사의 입찰 및 계약제도의 개선방안을 제시하는데 있다. 본 연구 결과 클레임을 최소화하기 위한 방안을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 반복공사에서는 표준도 축적 및 재활용되어야 하고 발주자별로 특화된 시방서가 활용되어야 한다. (2) 설계자의 한계를 초과하는 부분에 대해서는 전문가책임보험제도가 도입되어야 한다. (3) 도면에 대한 개념이 구체화되어야 한다. (4) 설계업무대가기준이 정립되어야 한다. (5) 다양한 계약체계가 확립되어야 한다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2009

계약전력 산정 방법에서 계약전력 환산율은 전력용변압기의 용량을 산정하는데 매우 중요한 기준이다. 본 연구에서는 AMR(자동검침시스템) 시스템에 의해 일반용전력사용고객(사무실, 상가, 호텔, 병원, 예식장, 기타)을 대상으로 각 수용가의 계약전력과 최근 5년 동안의 최대전력을 조사하였다. 조사된 자료의 전체 특징과 중심적인 경향을 알아 보기 위해서 평균값 등의 특징파라미터를 분석하였고, 회귀분석을 통한 선형적인 방법과 비선형적인 방법으로 그 경향을 분석하였다. 계약전력환산율과는 용도별로 다른 특성을 나타내고 있음을 확인하였으며, 전기사용고객의 특성을 고려한 계약종별 기준에 대한 체계적인 검토가 필요하다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

최근 국내 건설시장의 축소와 수주경쟁의 심화로 인하여 많은 건설기업들이 이에 대한 대안으로써 해외건설 시장에 진출하고 있다. 그러나 해외건설 프로젝트에서는 국내 건설 프로젝트와 책임과 권한의 범위가 다른 다양한 프로젝트 주체가 참여하고 있으며, 프로젝트를 둘러싼 수행환경 및 계약관행이 국내 건설 프로젝트와 다르기 때문에 다양한 리스크 요인이 존재하고 있다. 특히 해외건설 프로젝트의 문제가운데 하나가 Nominated Sub-Contracting (NSC)로 알려진 영국과 영국연방국가에서 사용되어지고 있는 하도급계약이다. 본 논문은 영국과 아시아지역 영연방 국가의 JCT약관, SIA약관, HKIA약관, PAM약관의 비교를 통해 NSC제도와 차이점을 소개한다. 또한 NSC계약의 채용 거부와 계약 해지와 관련된 약관항목분석을 통해 NSC제도의 유형을 분류한다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제11호
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• pp.129-157
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• 2006

급속한 사회변화와 함께 사회적 위험요소가 고조되면서 이에 대한 안전문제가 크게 대두되고 있다. 이에 안전욕구의 증대에 따라 위험에 대비하는 치안서비스를 제공하는 민간경호경비에 대한 수요도 증가하고 이에 따른 경호경비업도 발달하고 있다 이에 본고에서는 경호경비계약에 대한 법률 구조를 파악하여 경호경비업자와 의뢰자 사이에 발생 가능한 분쟁을 예방하거나 해결하기 위하여 계약의 성립과 그에 따르는 문제점을 분석하고자 한다. 특히 경호경비관계에 따르는 분쟁을 최소화하기 위하여 경호경비 계약을 체결하여 그 합의내용을 명확히 문서화하는 것이 필요하다. 여기에서 본고에서는 각 당사자간에 자율적으로 체결하는 경호경비계약조건을 표준화하는 방안 중에서 분쟁해결조항의 표준모델을 제시 하고자 한다. 특히 당사자 간 사법상의 분쟁을 해결하는 효과적인 방법으로 합의에 의한 방법이 최선이겠으나, 불가피한 경우에 재판에 의한 소송에 의한 해결보다는 중재를 통한 해결 방안을 권고한다. 당사자가 중재로 분쟁을 해결하기 위해서는 경호경비 계약서에 중재조항을 삽입하여 체결해야 한다. 실제 경호경비업계에서 이데 대한 적용성 시험 및 평가를 거쳐서 이를 경호경비 표준계약서로 제정하여 업계 전반에 확대 적용을 추진하고자 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제62권
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• pp.135-178
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• 2014

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) sets the standards of good faith in a commercial transaction for the sale of goods. With every sales contract, there is an implied obligation for both the seller and the buyer to negotiate the contract and perform under the terms of the contract in good faith. The agreement between both parties and the customs in the industry determine how the good faith standard should be applied to a particular transaction. Generally, the meaning of good faith, though always based on honesty, may vary depending on the specific context in which it is used. A person is said to buy in good faith when he or she holds an honest belief in his or her right or title to the property and has no knowledge or reason to know of any defect in the title. In section 1-201 of the UCC good faith is defined generally as "honesty in fact in the conduct or transaction concerned." Article 2 of the UCC says "good faith in the case of a merchant means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing in the trade." The sales contract will generally determine which party is required to perform first. This provision helps to determine if the buyer or the seller is in breach of the agreement due to failing to perform as stated by the contract. Either the seller must deliver the items before the buyer is required to accept and pay or the buyer must pay for the items before the seller has the duty to act in good faith and deliver the items in a reasonable manner. If the contract does not specifically define who is required to perform, industry customs and fair trade may determine what is acceptable for the transaction. Under the UCC, the buyer is required to pay for the goods when they are delivered, unless the contract states otherwise. Therefore, the UCC imposes an obligation of good faith on the performance of every contract or duty under its purview. The law also generally requires good faith of fiduciaries and agents acting on behalf of their principals. This article discusses problems of the principles of good faith under the UCC. Specifically, this paper focuses on the interpretation of UCC sections and analysis of various cases. By comparing, also, UCC and Korean law, the paper proposes some implications of good faith issues for Korean law.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.456-464
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• 2016

A new combat uniform is improved for added combat safety with various functions such as survivability, battle conformity and a camouflage performance system. Camouflage performance is an important factor in terms of combat survivability since it makes identification difficult and provide security. The combat uniform is worn under extreme conditions (exposure to ultraviolet light, sweat and friction) and an excellent color fastness to repeated washing is required. In this study, we investigated the color management, durability and discoloration of new combat uniform fabric with a digital pattern for camouflage performance to provide preliminary color management data. We examined color differences between standard fabric and mass-produced combat uniform fabrics, color differences between each military supply contract firm and color changes in combat uniforms after 60 washing cycles. The slight color differences between standard fabric and mass-produced combat uniform fabrics were tolerable under quality criteria of Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense. However, the differences between the military supply contract firms were recognizable to the naked eye and increased with repeated washing. Continuous research on color fastness under repeated washing and color management is required to standardize reliability from each military supply contract firm for the daytime performance of a combat uniform's camouflage.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2000

The International Chamber of Commerce published the millennium edition of its standard trade definitions, Incoterms 2000. Incoterms are a basic reference for sales contracts, in constant daily use throughout the world. The new version will make it easier for traders to do business in the new century, despite the growing volume and complexity of international transactions. Since Incoterms were first published in 1936, they have been updated six times. They precisely define the responsibilities of buyer and seller and are recognized as the international standard by customs authorities and courts in all the main trading nations. It is important for traders to incorporate the correct Incoterms into their international contracts to avoid unnecessary legal problems. Courts may otherwise interpret trade terms according to often widely divergent national laws and unless the use of Incoterms is specified, expensive legal disputes can arise. Division of costs is a most important element in every contract of sale. The parties must know not only who does what but also how costs resulting therefrom should be divided between them. In most cases the fact that a party must do something means that he must also bear the resulting costs, unless otherwise agreed. But there are many exceptions to this principle and uncertainties arise, particularly with respect to services performed by other parties. Also, difficulties arise with respect to the division of costs whenever additional costs are caused by unexpected events, such as hindrances causing a ship to deviate or to remain in a seaport longer than expected. The main principle of the division of costs is clear enough: the seller has to pay costs necessary for the goods to reach the agreed point of delivery, and the buyer has to pay any further costs after that point. But as noted, it is not always easy to implement this principle in practice, since the detailed distribution of functions under the various trade terms is not and cannot be fully defined in Incoterms. Instead, failing precise stipulations in the contract of sale, guidance must be sought from other criteria such as commercial practices used earlier by the same parties or the custom of trade.

• 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2009

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has the great possibility of transforming the AEC industry. BIM will require increased information exchange and mutual collaboration between all stakeholders. BIM implementation and such increased collaboration can affect legal issues and contract provisions. And some legal issues accompanying BIM Implementation will be raised while a large change also comes in responsibility and role between all stakeholders. However, current standard agreement system is based on fragmented agreement between the architect and the owner, and between the owner and the contractor. Another legal obstacles and considerations associated with BIM implementation will be arose from BlM technology and use of BIM. AEC professionals in Korea have long utilized the standard agreement forms as well and look forward complementation of current standard agreement for BlM implementation. Such complement direction for the standard agreement will be examined by investigating the legal issues and overview comparison between AlA E202 and ConsensusDOCS 301.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.193-198
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• 2009

It is an important issue in cost management to contract with the standard of cost estimate by the reasonable way in public construction projects. For the standard of cost estimate based on the Standard Estimating System, there is a difference of labor inputs between Standard Estimating System and actual quantities in construction projects. The duration of form work in multi-family housing depends on the manpower compared with other work, which is the critical path on the schedule management to be decided quality, and is the important to the cost management of construction projects. This study presented a simulation model of the productivity analysis for selecting the standard work type of form work in Multi-family housing construction projects.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

Purpose - Disputes arising from documentary letter of credit transactions are not decreasing. According to a statistical data from the ICC, 60-70% of letters of credit in use around the world, so, Incoterms rule specifically defines the bill of lading review procedure. Research design, data, and methodology - The refusal due to large or small inconsistencies in terms and conditions when first presenting documents with bill of lading. First of all, confusion was caused by the ambiguous regulation as the bill of lading is a document that serves as evidence of the transportation contract. Result - Bill of lading indicates the rights to the cargo as well as a bill of lading, which is evidence of a transportation contract concluded between carriers, is a document that allows a carrier to receive or ship cargo and ship it by sea. It is a security that promises to be delivered through transportation to the rightful holder of the bill of lading. Conclusion - Because of its importance, the Uniform customs practices for Letters of Credit stipulate acceptance requirements for transport documents, including bills of lading. In addition, the International Standard Banking Practices (ISBP) established by the International Chamber of Commerce also provide supplementary provisions.