• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 1986

This study is about the experiments and analyses of Adaptive Grid Contouring Method that determines the number of contour points according to the change of curvature. As a result, it is presented that 10~20m grid spacings are suitable for contouring on map scales of 1 : 2, 500 and that the larger the mean slope, the smaller the suitable grid spacing for contouring.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.65-72
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• 1997

An asymmetrical cross-coupled compensator to improve the contouring performance is proposed. This is a refinement of the structure suggested by Koren. The position loop is closed with a proportional controller as in the uncoupled system. An additional input term proportional to the component of the contour error along the corresponding axis is included. The controller gains are chosen to give an appropriate frequency response and an optimum range for the damping ratio. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is studied by means of digital simulations of the dynamics of the drives and the controller for 4 types of command trajectories: straight line contour, cornering contour, circular contour, elliptic contour. Substantial improvement in contouring performance is obtained for a range of contouring conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 2011

The Dual Contouring method has an advantage over the primal polygonization methods like the Marching Cube method in terms of better expression of sharp features. In this paper, the Dual Contouring method is implemented in Spherical coordinates, not the Cartesian ones to examine some characteristics. For this purpose, our octree is defined in Spherical coordinates, which is called "S-Octree". Among some characteristics, the proposed Dual Contouring method in the S-Octree tends to produce less vertices at the same octree level. In particular, for any surface models close to surface sphere, the generated mesh surfaces are smoother and more detailed than those of the Cartesian Dual Contouring approach for specific applications including mesh compression where available geometric information is quite limited.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.654-659
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• 2009

Purpose: A botulinum toxin type A (BoNT - A) injection has been used as a noninvasive management for lower face contouring since 2000. The aim of this study was to compare reduction rate of lower face width for a longtime according to repeated Botox$^{(R)}$ injections on masseter muscles for lower face contouring procedure. Methods: Forty - five patients were analyzed for single session of Botox$^{(R)}$ injection and 13 patients were evaluated for repeated Botox$^{(R)}$ injections for over two years. Single injection group was tracked regular intervals at 1, 3, 6, 10, 12 months after injection, and repeated injection group was measured at every injection time. Twenty - five to thirty units of Botox$^{(R)}$ was injected into each masseteric muscle at five to six points at the prominent portions of the mandibular angle. Standardized frontal view of digital photographs were analyzed by Adobe Photoshop$^{(R)}$ (version CS3) to measure an reduction rate of lower face width. Results: Reduction rate was 3.7%, 6.9%, 6.2%, 4%, 4% at 1, 3, 6, 10, 12 months post injection each other in single injection group. However, more than 8% reduction rate was found in repeated injection group persistently for more than two years. Conclusion: This study shows that effective duration of Botox$^{(R)}$ injection for lower face contouring is expected to continue over one year clinically. Moreover, repeated injections maintained lower reduction rate consistently for a long time. Therefore, repeated injections on masseter muscles at regular intervals are most effective procedure for lower face contouring.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2009

Purpose: A lower facial contouring surgery has become a commonly performed procedure in Asia. Currently, mandibular angle sagittal ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment are main procedures for aesthetic correction of a broad lower face. There are a few date to show the differences in the mandibular contouring changes between mandibular angle splitting ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment. Facial golden mask is easy to apply, inexpensive, and relatively objective for evaluation of facial contour analysis. This study was designed specifically to compare the changes in lower face width after two different forms of lower facial contouring procedure using facial golden mask. Methods: Seventeen patients, aged 18 to 55 years (mean, 28.6 years), 15 women and 2 men, consented to the study and receive a contouring procedure of lower face. The patients were classified in to 2 groups. In group A, the sample consisted of 10 patients with a prominent squared mandibular angle and mandibular angle splitting ostectomy was performed. In group B, the sample consisted of 7 patients with masseteric hypertrophy and botulinum toxin type A treatment was performed. Photographs of the face were taken to record the facial change at preoperative and postoperative. The postoperative photographs were taken to considered maximal effect at 2 years after surgery in group A and 4.8 months after treatment in group B. The authors applied the facial golden mask to preoperative and postoperative photographs and horizontal ratio, which compares facial width with golden mask width, were calculated. We made an analysis of the result of horizontal ratio using SPSS. Results: Overall average horizontal ratio of pre- and postoperative photos of group A were 1.24 and 1.11, whereas overall average horizontal ratio of pre- and postoperative photos of group B were 1.19 and 1.12. The horizontal ratio decreased 10.24% in group A and 5.93% in group B. There was a statistically significant change in before and after treatment, but there was no significant change in comparing the group A and group B. Conclusions: The result from this study suggest that mandibular angle sagittal ostectomy and botulinum toxin type A treatment showed relatively satisfactory clinical effects on lower facial contouring treatment. There was no statistical significant difference within two lower facial contouring treatment. Facial golden mask is easy to apply, inexpensive, and relatively objective, so we think that facial golden mask is a good method for evaluation of lower facial contouring treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.13-14
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.15-16
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• 2009

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.572-577
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• 2018

Background Mandibular contouring surgery to produce a more slender and small face has become popular, especially in East Asia. Narrowing genioplasty should be simultaneously performed with mandibular angle resection to achieve satisfactory results. In Korea, T-genioplasty has been frequently performed for chin narrowing. The authors developed a new, safe, and reliable method, termed M-genioplasty, that can provide a more slender and attractive lower face. Methods From June 2013 to December 2017, 36 patients underwent M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection for lower facial contouring. Horizontal and vertical osteotomies were performed obliquely. The resected bone segments were wedge-shaped. The remaining two bone segments were rotated and approximated centrally. The lateral mandible bony step-off was trimmed off for mandibular angle resection. Results In all patients, the facial contour sufficiently improved, and most patients were satisfied with the outcome. No severe complications took place during postoperative follow-up. Conclusions M-genioplasty can provide more mandibular angle resection and can create a more acute chin angle without bone resorption than other methods, including T-genioplasty. M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection is a safer, more accurate, and more reliable method for lower facial contouring.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.474-478
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• 2005

Craniosynostosis is a congenital anomaly characterized by premature closure of cranial sutures. Surgical intervention should be performed during infancy. However, surgical correction of craniosynostosis remains bone defect and secondary angle occasionally. Currently, publications investigating solutions to bone defect and secondary angle created by cranioplasty are getting much interest. We have used $BoneSource^{(R)}$ which is relatively safe as an implantable substance for providing solutions for this problem. From June 2002 to January 2004, five children with craniosynostosis underwent frontocalvarial contouring using $BoneSource^{(R)}$ and concurrent cranial vault remodeling. The patient ages ranged from 8.0 months to 4.9 years(mean, 2.5 years). The quantity of $BoneSource^{(R)}$ implanted ranged from 10 to 25g, with a mean of 13g. This paper presents the first series of children treated with $BoneSource^{(R)}$ for frontocalvarial contouring in the surgical correction of craniosynostosis. No patients experienced any complications. Our results shows excellent retention of contour without causing asymmetry or irregularity. No visible evidence of interference with craniofacial growth were observed. Through our experiences, $BoneSource^{(R)}$ is found to be very useful for frontocalvarial contouring in children undergoing correction of craniosynostosis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 1993

Satisfactory results were obtained in 90% of all cases after aesthetic facial bone contouring was performed. In these cases. no visible scar on the face resulted by using the bicoronal and intraoral approaches. We experienced eight cases of postoperative complications. Patient selection and preperative planning is very important in achieving superior cosmetic results in facial bone contouring.