• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.107-131
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• 2013

Online-ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) has been receiving attention from the international community as a means of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes in both small and mass international e-commerce. The EU Parliament and the Council proposed the Online Dispute Resolution Regulation for Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ODR Regulation") and the Directive on Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ADR Directive") as a legislative package, now scheduled to be adopted. Those efforts strengthen consumer protection by enhancing ODR in international e-commerce and improving of the functions of the e-commerce market. The EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package will operate in conjunction with the ODR platform as a single point across Europe, abandoning the ADR system of each member. Consumers and traders who need dispute resolution apply on the EU ODR platform linked website, and the applications are distributed to individual ADR institutions in accordance with the Rules and Procedure of ADR institutions in the respective country. Although there has been partial progress in Korea for ODR programs such as the establishment of the Online Administrative Trial and the procedures of individual ADR agencies operating through the website, existing norms do not fully support the system. At this point, we see many implications of the EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package on the direction chosen for domestic ADR and ODR policy and legislation. This study introduces the main features and content of the EU Consumer ADR Directive (draft) and ODR Regulation provisions, and describes the direction of domestic policy and legislation regarding Online-ADR.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.14-32
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• 2022

This study aims to examine the perception of false information and deepfakes according to the experience of being exposed to false information and deepfake images for YouTube content users. The study used the data from 'YouTube Use and False Information Exposure Experience' conducted by the Korea Press Foundation in 2018. For the statistical analysis, correspondent analysis was employed. The main results followed as: First, it was found that men who have been exposed to false information are most seriously aware of the problems caused by false information on YouTube. Second, regarding the need for regulation on deepfake images, women who have experienced exposure to deepfake images tended to agree, and women had a stronger awareness of the need for regulation due to damage to deepfake images than men. While YouTube users generally agree that regulation is necessary, it is required to educate YouTube users about the types of disinformation and deepfakes. In particular, it is considered to be desirable to create an environment for the self-regulation of the producers and distributors.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.2083-2088
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• 2017

This study aims to explore the problems of the VR content industry, which is the core of the newly emerging fourth industrial revolution and convergence new industry, and to find alternatives to solve them. Through in-depth interviews with experts, we collected elements that impeded the development of VR content industry. As a result, the simplification of the VR simulator's content changes, the regulation of the VR simulator was newly established within the Game Industry Act, and the diversification of the input amount were the reasons. Simplification of deliberation provides the basis for new platform business. The new law is to reflect the characteristics of VR content properly and to avoid unnecessary regulation by existing laws. The adoption of various input methods is intended to actively expand the market for new industries. This study is expected to contribute the safe ecosystem by reviewing the factors that impede the development of the new industry as suggesting alternatives.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.395-409
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• 2003

In this study the meaning and necessity for self-regulation in managing and organizing the national curriculum is researched in order to reflect the reality that the tide of regionalization appears apparently with globalism. Hwacheon is chosen and applied as an example region for selecting and forming a new learning content in geography education and teaching and learning that content. The regional geography should be learned in high schools according to the approach of regional textbooks being made and used now in primary and middle schools, and the contents of textbooks should be properly reorganized in accordance with the students' school ages rather than organized simply with enumerating geographic facts in a row. And the contents should be organized centering on the learners' daily living sphere. In addition, teaching-learning method should be taken into consideration according to the scale of the regions. Consequently, in this study small-scaled area was chosen as a learning content, laying stress on daily lives within the living zone, and therefore field work is considered as a learning method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.117-118
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• 2007

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.310-316
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• 2001

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase catalyzed the last enzymic step to synthesize the intracellular PHB of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. No PHB was detected when the phbC coding for PhB synthase was interrupted, and its expression was regulated at the level of transcription. The cellular PHB content increased about four- to six-fold during the growth transition from the exponential to the early stationary phase under both aerobic and photoheterotrophic conditions. The PHB content during the aerobic growth seemed to be determined by the PhB synthase activity. However, the PHB synthase activity of photoheterotrophically grown cells did not correlate with the PhB content, suggesting a photoheterotrophic regulation different from the aerobic control. Thus, the PHB content of R. sphaeroides was regulated at the transcription level only under aerobic conditions.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.254-260
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• 2014

In this study, heavy metals, PCDD/PCDFs, PAHs in wastes generated from thermal processes were analyzed. Waste from lead thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 04) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in the highest concentrations of Pb. EWC 10 04 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from zinc thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 05) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in high concentration of Zn. EWC 10 05 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from copper thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 06) Cu in the 651,77 mg/kg to 651 times higher than regulation standard appeared in the copper thermal metallurgy process seems to be a result of dust. The concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 0.0005~11.748 ng-TEQ/g in dust, 0.0027 ng-TEQ/g in fly ash. PCDD/PCDFs content was not detected in excessive value in regulation standard. PAHs concentration was in the range of ND~118.9 mg/kg in Naphthalene, ND~9.6 mg/kg in Phenanthrene, ND~48.4 mg/kg in Benzo[b]fluoranthene, ND~62.6 mg/kg in Benzo[a]pyrene, ND~10.7 mg/kg in Fluoranthene, ND~11.5 mg/kg in Benzo[a]anthracene.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.506-509
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify transition characteristics of mercury in several selected medicinal plants and to find the appropriate management for production of safety food. Cultivated soils and medicinal plants were collected at 29 sites for Angelica gigas (Korean angelica root), 68 sites for Platycodon grandiflorum (Balloon flower), 35 sites for codonopsis lanceolata (Deoduck), 36 sites for Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam), 32 sites for Rehmannia glutinosa (Foxglove), 16 sites for Cnidium officinale makino (cnidium), and 26 sites for Astragalus membranaceus (milk vetch root) during the harvest season of 2013. Mercury in the soils and medicinal roots were analyzed with a Direct Mercury Analyzer. Average content of mercury in soils cultivated medicinal plants was $0.023mg\;kg^{-1}$ (range: from 0.003 to $0.074mg\;kg^{-1}$) and average content of mercury in medicinal plants was $0.003mg\;kg^{-1}$ (range: from 0.001 to $0.011mg\;kg^{-1}$), indicating that mercury in the surveyed soils and medicinal plants were not exceeded the Korean regulation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1998

${\alpha},\;{\beta}-Adrenergics$, and calcium channels were known to be related to inducing cardiac hypertrophy. Recently, it was reported that the cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was an important factor in ventricular hypertrophy. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of ${\alpha},\;{\beta}-adrenergic$, and calcium channel blockers that might be involved in the regulation of cardiac RAS. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of renin gene in the perfused rat heart. Changes in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and cyclic AMP (cAMP) content which were thought to play a role in inducing cardiac hypertrophy were measured in the perfused rat heart. The expression of renin gene was not only increased by isoproterenol with metoprolol-pretreatment but also increased by vasopressin treatment in the presence of calcium channel blocker, nifedipine or verapamil. Either prazosin alone or norepinephrine with prazosin-pretreatment significantly increased the ACE activity. However, isoproterenol with metoprolol-pretreatment significantly decreased the ACE activity. On the other hand, the ACE activity was not changed by vasopressin, nifedipine, or verapamil treatments. The content of cAMP was significantly increased by either isoproterenol or vasopressin treatment. According to these results, renin gene expression was associated with ${\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor and calcium channel. ACE activity was associated with ${\alpha}-\;and{\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor. In conclusion, ${\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor was important in cardiac renin gene expression and ACE activity and ${\alpha},\;{\beta}$ -adrenergic, and calcium channel blockers might be involved in the regulation of cardiac RAS in a complicated way.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.10a
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• pp.187-188
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• 2016

In South Korea, regulations on gambling have been implemented since the beginning of the Game Rating Board, and they have been improved, newly enacted or deleted according to the current game industry. For instance, regulations on arcade games include that no more than 10,000 KRW can be input per hour, automated operation is prohibited, results cannot be saved, money exchange is prohibited, etc. The study aimed to relieve excessive regulations on gambling arcade games in South Korea such as unnecessary regulations and duplicate regulations in a practical way. It is therefore expected to contribute to implementing regulation plans for gambling games suitable for the level of consciousness of the South Korean people.