• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.3-35
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• 2017

For recent years, several disputes between Korean consumers and multinational companies have arisen. Since the disputes were big and material that children's safety was at issue, a question started if Korean law properly has protected consumers' rights against multinational companies. While the Korean legal society tried to legislate punitive compensation with this concern, the U.S. Supreme Court reached an interesting case law regarding consumer contracts. A recent trend on consumer contracts in the United States shows that general terms have arbitration clause with class action waiver. As much as international arbitration has worked as the most effective resolution in international commercial disputes, the concept is still foreign and the experts are not approachable to lay individual consumers. However, class action in arbitration can hugely help for lay individual consumers to bring a case before arbitration tribunal. California courts consistently showed the analysis that the practical impact of prohibiting class action in arbitration clause is to ban lay individual consumers from fighting for their rights. However, the Supreme Court held that the arbitration clause shall be enforced as parties agree even if consumers practically cannot fight for their rights in the end. Even though consumer contracts are a typical example of lack of parity and of adhesive contract, the Supreme Court still applies liberalism that parties are equal in power and free to agree. This case law has a crucial implication since Korean consumers buy goods and services from the U.S. and other countries in everyday life. Accordingly, they are deemed to agree on the dispute resolution clauses, which might violate their constitutional right to bring their cases before the adjudication tribunal. This issue could be more important than adopting punitive compensation because consumers' rights are not necessarily governed by Korean law but by the governing law of the general terms and conditions chosen and written by the multinational companies. Thus this paper studies and analyzes the practical reality of international arbitration and influence of arbitration clause with class action waiver with the U.S. Supreme Court and California case laws.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2012

본 연구는 청소년의 학교 소비자교육과 휴대전화 소비행동, 휴대전화 소비행동과 휴대전화 소비생활 만족도의 관계를 살펴보아 청소년들의 합리적인 소비생활을 유도할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고 학교 소비자교육의 개선을 위한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 설문지는 서울 및 수도권 소재 중학교에 재학 중인 중학교 2학년을 대상으로 실시하여 총 430부를 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정보분석 및 구매의사결정에 대한 교육이 '합리적 구매와 능동적 문제해결' 행동에 영향을 미치고, 소비문화에 대한 교육이 '윤리적 사용, 능동적 문제해결' 행동에 영향을 미쳤다. '문제해결 및 권리와 책임'에 대한 교육은 소비행동에 어떠한 영향도 미치지 않았고, 인지수준도 상대적으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 휴대전화의 윤리적 사용행동은 '관계만족도'에 영향을 미치고, 합리적 구매행동과 능동적 문제해결행동은 '활용만족도'에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.237-256
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• 2007

Organic farming is promoted financially in the Republic of Korea since 2000. The, entire segment shows a very dynamic development since that time. Now, a large bouquet of measures are offered which target the promotion of organic farming. This article presents a study about the Task and Valuation on farm animal welfare for Organic Livestock. Among the supports are grants for organically managed livestock farm, investment incentives, the promotion of organic livestock husbandry, the promotion of producer co-operatives, the development of farm animal right index for animal health and animal welfare, publicity measures and measures to raise consumer awareness as well as the support of training, extension and research in the field organic livestock farming. Government must ensure that necessary incentives and sanctions are in place to maintain and improve animal welfare standards and they must be delivered appropriately. Animal welfare legislation provides essential protection for economy, environment, animals and society as a whole, must be properly observed.

• 에너지공학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.505-511
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• 1999

One of the major challenges confronting a multiservice electric utility is the establishment of the right prices, for its services. The key objectives of particular pricing schemes are reasonableness of company earnings. Economic efficiency, the responsiveness of supply and of the allocation of sources to the desires of consumers, and maintenance of some degree of competition. This paper proposes a value-based pricing mechanism amenable to the current deregulation situation in electricity market allowing service differentiation. The proposed pricing mechanism can be implemented ina nodal auction model, and can also be applied to direct load control.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

저작권의 거래 및 통제를 매우 낮은 비용으로 구현한 DRM(Digital Right Management)에 의해 디지털 컨텐츠의 유통에 획기적인 변화가 가능할 것으로 생각된다. 본 논문은 DRM 기술의 도입에 의해 개별 이용자가 유통의 주체가 되는 초유통(Super Distribution)의 적용 가능성과 다양한 가격설정 방식이 적용될 수 있다는 점에 주목하였다. 우선 초유통을 통해 이용자들의 정보획득비용을 감소시키고 이를 통해 수요를 증가시킬 수 있으며 컨텐츠 제작자 측면에서도 유통에 따른 비용을 크게 감소시킬 수 있음을 논하였다. 또한 DRM은 기존의 총량가격 방식 이외에 사용기간 또는 사용 횟수 등 다양한 기준에 따른 가격설정을 가능하게 하며 이를 통해 기업의 이윤과 소비자 총효용 모두 증가할 수 있음을 보였다. 이러한 DRM 기술의 특성은 디지털 컨텐츠 유통의 효율성을 증대시키고 컨텐츠의 질과 다양성 및 가격정책을 통한 사업자들간 차별화를 가능케 하여 산업의 동적인 성장을 가속화 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.409-420
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• 1996

Consumer's perceptions of the qualities of food and food-related services were surveyed through questionnaires by 672 adults randomly selected from 20 industrial foodservice in Pusan and Kyeung Nam area. The results are as follows: 1) By age, the elderly group gaved the highest mean score not only for freshness and temperature among the food characteristics but also for cleanliness of dishes and materials of dishes among the food-related service. 2) By occupation, the white collar worker group gaved the highest mean score in all characteristics of food and food-related service than did the blue collar worker group. Especially for courtesy of employees, the mean rating given by the white collar worker group was 3.15/5.00, but by the blue collar worker group was 2.67/5.00. 3) Good appetitive group rated taste of food 3.15/5.00, quality of food vs. food price 3.17/5.00, and freshness 3.15/5.00. But poor appetitive group rated taste of food 2.44/5.00, quality of food vs. food price 2.65/5.00, and freshness 2.70/5.00. 4) Men agreed that the rice and soup were right in amount. And women responded that the rice was in a large amount and the soup was not enough. 5) The white collar worker group agreed that the rice, the soup, the side dish, and the kimchi were right in amount. However the blue collar worker group agreed that the rice was right in amount, the soup and the side dish were not enough, and the kimchi was in a large amount. For seasoning of food, the white collar worker group responded that the salty taste and the hotness were just right. But the blue collar worker group responded that the food was neither salty nor hot at all. 6) The taste of food was shown to be positively correlated (p<0.001) with various food item combinations, freshness of food, and the variety of cooking methods.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.836-850
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify the sensory characteristics of the Korean traditional confectionery, dasik, prepared under different conditions and to compare their consumer acceptance in Korea. To accomplish this, descriptive analysis of eight samples prepared using two types of rice cake powder, dasik (Rflour, Rflour_Omija), brown rice powder red ginseng dasik (Brice_Ginseng_P), pinepollen dasik (PineP), black sesame dasik (BSesame), bean dasik (Rbean), and two types of mungbean starch dasik (Starch_Omija, Starch_Greentea), was conducted by ten trained panelists. In addition, 81 consumers evaluated the overall acceptance (OL), acceptance of appearance (APPL), odor (ODL), flavor (FLL), and texture (TXTL) of the samples using a 9-point hedonic scale, as well as the perceived intensities of sesame flavor, sweetness, and hardness using a 9-point just-about-right (JAR) scale. Partial least square- regression (PLSR) indicated that the BSesame and Rbean samples, which had significantly (p<0.05) high roasted sesame, burnt, greasy, glossy, and cooked chestnut flavor scores, had the highest acceptability and consumer desire scores. Additionally, the PineP and Rflour_Omija samples, which had relatively high particle size, transparency, roughness, spoiled tofu, fermentation and raw rice flavor scores, were the least preferred samples. Therefore, roasted sesame, burnt, greasy, glossy, and cooked chestnut flavor attributes were considered drivers of "liking" whereas particle size, transparent, roughness, spoiled tofu, fermentation, and raw rice flavor attributes acted as drivers of "disliking" among consumers.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2002

Genetically modified foods may be defined as the foods deemed as safe by current technology among the many kinds of agricultural and stockbreeding products that are now under research and development using contemporary gene-modification techniques. This study examines hotly debated arguments, both for and against genetically modified- foods, in various countries. This study also investigates consumers'rights and responsibilities. Countries that are developing and exporting genetically modified organisms(GMO) have maintained that GMO can help produce more crops while reducing labor and other production-related costs, and that the genetically modified foods signify ″the second green revolution,″ which will solve future food and environmental problems by strengthening specific nutritive substances and extending shelf-life. But consumer groups, environmental organizations. and food-importing countries are more cautious about importing and consuming those foods because the potential dangers of GMO to human bodies and the environment have not been tested thoroughly yet. South Korea, following suit with others such as EU, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, introduced a law on 'Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods', which went in effect in March, 2001, on the basis of customers'rights to make informed choices. The law takes the ″precautionary principle″ into consideration, rather than stopping at insuring ″substantial equivalence″ in developing and consuming GM foods. The actual impact of the law will depend on the level of citizens'Participation more than on the government's willingness to carry out the law. So far the level of Korean consumers'consciousness about genetically modified foods is very low. Therefore, it is hard to expect consumers to exercise their ″rights not to buy″ foods that are potentially unsafe. The Korean government must devise an effective plan to inform and educate the people about the labeling of genetically modified foods.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.509-524
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• 1995

Consumer's perceptions of the quality of food and food-related servcie were surveyed through questionnaires by 672 adults randomly selected from 20 industrial foodservice in Pusan Kyeung Nam area. Data from consumers were analyzed by using $SPSSPC^+$ program in terms of $x^2-test$, oneway ANOVA, t-test. The results are as follows: 1) Among the food characteristics, the mean rating for temperature of food was 3.18 over 5, for quality of food vs. food price 2.97, for fresshness 2.96, for taste 2.86, and for combination of colors 2.73; 2) In the food-related service, the mean rating was 3.20 for cleanliness of dishes, 3.18 for quality of dishes, 3.01 for varity of food items, 2.95 for courtesy of employees, and 2.57 for availability of favorite food. 3) Self-operated foodservice showed higher mean ratings in nutrition of food, quality of food vs. food price, and availability of favorite food than does the contracted one. 4) The rice (85.0%) and the kimchi (81.4%) were right in amount, but the soup (42.5%) and the side dish (49.0%) were not enough. 5) In seasoning of food, 45.2% of the respondents agreed that the salty taste and the amount of MSG were just right. However, 38.0% and 37.9% of them responded that the salty tast was strong and the amount of MSG was much. 6) The respondents mostly required the improvement of the taste of side dish, nutrition of food, sanitation of food, and variety of menu items.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.57-76
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• 2017

최근 정보 기술의 발전 속도가 매우 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 스마트폰과 태블릿 같은 IT 기기에서 이런 변화들이 두드러지고 있다. 이전의 IT 기기들은 기능상의 혁신과 진보를 통해 소비자들을 끌어들였지만, 현재는 IT 제품 상에서 기능상 발전과 혁신은 둔화되었다. 기능상 차별점이 줄어든 시점에서 기업들은 외관과 디자인적 측면에서 차별화를 시도하고 있다. 스마트폰의 외관적 변화를 반영하듯 소비자들도 성능보단 디자인을 스마트폰 구매의 중요 요인으로 삼고 있다. 스마트폰은 패션 아이템의 하나로 자리매김하게 되었고, 스마트폰의 디자인과 외형이 지속적으로 중요해짐에 따라 해당 제품에 대해 소비자들이 느끼는 디자인 가치가 무엇인지도 중요해졌으며, 무엇에 영향을 받는지도 중요해졌다. 소비자들이 느끼는 가치가 중요해짐에 따라 소비자들이 해당제품의 디자인에 대해 평가하는 메커니즘을 밝힐 필요성이 존재하며, 적절한 가치를 전달하기 위해 디자인을 평가할 수 있는 모형이 필요하다. 디자인과 관련한 기존 연구들은 소비자들의 인지와 가치 부분에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 하였지만, 제품 속성 자체에 대한 부분은 고려하지 않은 경향이 있으며, 제품이 갖고 있는 객관적인 속성들에 따라 소비자들의 인지가 변화하는 과정과 최종적으로 느끼는 가치에 대한 메커니즘을 밝힌 연구는 부재한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 스마트폰 제품이 갖고 있는 객관적 속성인 제품 속성과 객관적 속성을 통해 느끼는 소비자들의 인지, 가치에 대해 평가할 수 있는 메커니즘을 설계하고, 이를 평가할 수 있는 3단계 디자인 평가 모형을 제시하려 한다. 3단계 디자인 평가 모형은 제품 속성, 인지 속성, 소비자 가치까지 모든 단계를 고려한 정량화된 모형으로 스마트폰 분야만이 아닌 사용자경험 분야에 전반적으로 적용 가능할 것으로 기대하며, 기업이 갖고 있는 소비자 데이터와 결합한다면, 특정 소비자층을 겨냥한 제품 생산 및 설계가 가능한 지능형 디자인 가치 평가 모형으로 발전할 수 있을 것으로 예상한다.