• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2015

Analytical solutions for the forced convection heat transfer of viscoelastic fluids obeying the Giesekus model are obtained in a concentric annulus under laminar flow for both thermal and hydrodynamic fully developed conditions. Boundary conditions are assumed to be (a) constant fluxes at the walls and (b) constant temperature at the walls. Temperature profiles and Nusselt numbers are derived from dimensionless energy equation. Subsequently, effects of elasticity, mobility parameter and viscous dissipation are discussed. Results show that by increasing elasticity, Nusselt number increases. However, this trend is reversed for constant wall temperature when viscous dissipation is weak. By increasing viscous dissipation, the Nusselt number decreases for the constant flux and increases for the constant wall temperature. For the wall cooling case, when the viscous dissipation exceeds a critical value, the generated heat overcomes the heat which is removed at the walls, and fluid heats up longitudinally.

• 전기의세계
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1977

This paper treats the Ultrasonic effects on the break down characteristics of Liquid Dielectric Material 1) Relative Dielectric constant, Es of Liquid Dielectric Material at a constant temperature decreases in proportion to the irradiated time of Ultrasonic radiation and its intensity, and reaches to a certain saturated value. The saturated value varies with the intensity of Ultrasonic radiation. 2) Power factor of Liquid Dielectric Material at a constant temperature increases in proportion tothe irradiated time of Ultrasonic radiation and its intensity, and reaches to a certain saturated value. The saturated value varies with the intensity of Ultrasonic radiation. 3) Relative resistance of Liquid Dielectric Material at a constant temperature decrease with the irradiated time of Ultrasonic radiation, but the effect of its intensity is very irregular. 4) Break-down strength of Liquid Dielectric Material, at a constant temperature decreases with the irradiated time of Ultrasonic radiation and its intensity, and then reaches to a saturated value.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

The Monte Carlo method for solving heat conduction problems [1-3] is extended for non-constant temperature boundary conditions in this study. The new method can treat problems with any given non-constant boundary temperatures, including heat convection problems with non-constant fluid bulk temperature. A set of problems, particularly the heat transfer problem in a pebble fuel, is analyzed by this new method. In addition, a new method to reduce the statistical errors in kernel fuel regions is introduced when the Monte Carlo method is applied to a pebble fuel.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.388.1-388.1
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• 2014

The performance of PVA(polyvinyl alchol) is better than another organic dielectric material. Therefore, PVA has been researched for organic and in-organic dielectric material. But research of changing PVA's dielectric constant and leakage current by increasing temperature and concentration was insigificant. We try to find pure PVA and cross-linked PVA's characteristic of dielectric by changing temperature and concentration. 5/10/15wt% PVA concentration (5% interval) was in progress, PVA at $100/150/200/250^{\circ}C$ ($50^{\circ}C$ interval) of experiments was conducted in relation to temperature. The higher the concentration, leakage currents decrease, and dielectric constant is increased. With regard to temperature, we could not see a big change of leakage current and dielectric constant of pure PVA until $200^{\circ}C$. However, we could see a tendency to increase significantly at $250^{\circ}C$. Also, leakage current and dielectric constant of cross-linked PVA gradually increased from at $100^{\circ}C$ to $200^{\circ}C$ and then sharply increased from at $250^{\circ}C$. We tried to find that PVA's inner bonds(hydroxyl group (OH-) lead to the results.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1992

Sponataneous ignition characteristics for granulated activated carbon were observed by performing experiments at constant ambient temperature and varying the ambient temperature sinusoidally. In case of varying the ambient temperature sinusoidally, the amplitudes of temperature were 5$^{\circ}C$, 1$0^{\circ}C$ and 15$^{\circ}C$ respectively, and the period in each amplitude was varied at an interval of 30minutes from zero to 3hours. As the results of experiments at a constant ambient temperature, the critical spontaneous ignition temperature of the sample decreased as the sample vessel size increased. Apparent activation energy of the sample calculated from the Frank-Kamenetskii's thermal Ignition theory was 38.82［kca1/mo1］ In case of varying the ambient temperature sinusoidally, the critical spontaneous ignition tempera-ture was lower than that at the constant ambient temperature, and the minimum critical spontaneous ignition temperature decreased with the amplitude of heating sinusoidal curve. At the same amplitude, the critical spontaneous ignition temperature decreased until it reached the minimum point and then in-creased as the period increased.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1992

Spontaneous ignition charactenstics for fish meal were observed by performing experiments at constant ambient temperature and varying the ambient temperature sinusoidally. As the results of the experiments at a constant ambient temperature, the critical spontaneous ignition temperature of the sample for large, intermediate and small vessels was 170.5$^{\circ}C$, 177.5$^{\circ}C$ and 188.5$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The critical spontaneous ignition temperature decreased as the sample vessel size increased. Apparent activation energy of used fish meal calculated from the Frank-Kamenetskii's thermal ignition theory was 37.60Kcal/mol. In case of varying the ambient temperature sinusoidally, the amplitudes of temperature were 1$0^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ respectively with the period in each amplitude 1hr, 2hrs and 3hrs. The results showed that the critical spontaneous ignition temperatures at the varied amplitudes of temperature were lower than that at the constant anbient temperature and increased as the amplitude increased. At the same amplitude, the critical spontaneous ignition temperature increased with the period.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

Losses in the dry weight of leaf litter from six tree species were studied during 16 months on the forest floor in temperate deciduous forest of Mt. Cheonma in the vicinity of Seoul in Korea by using litter bag method. The decomposition rate of each leaf litter varies with each species. After 16 months elapsed, the leaf litter of Acer pseudo-sieboidianum showed the highest decomposition constant (0.82) as Olson´s decomposition constant, while that of Pinus densiflora showed the lowest decomposition constant (0.33). The decomposition constant of Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Betula ermani and Carpinus laxiflora showed 0.43, 0.37, 0.66 and 0.75, respectively. The decomposition constant of leaf litter was considered with temperature and precipitation which accumulated daily during each term of litter bag collection. The decomposition constant of leaf litter showed closely positive correlation with daily accumulative temperature and precipitation. The relationships between decomposition constant and the daily accumulative temperature and precipitation at each period of litter bag collection were analyzed through multi-regression analysis. The correlation coefficients as a result of multi-regression analysis in Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, P densiflora, B. ermani, C. laxiflorais and A. pseudo-sieboldianum were 0.83, 0.81, 0.69, 0.77, 0.77 and 0.62, respectively. The precipitation showed higher effect, about 10 times, on the leaf litter decomposition than the daily accumulative temperature.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.2407-2414
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 정온도 열선식 공기유량계의 전체적인 회로를 구성한 다음, 여 기에 간단한 온도보상시스템을 첨가함으로써 유동온도의 변화에 관계없이 일정한 출력 이 나오도록 하고, 이에 관련된 온도보상시스템의 메카니즘을 규명하고자 한다. 온 도보상시스템은 여러 가지가 알려져 있으나, Drubka(1977)가 열선브릿지에 단지 온도 센서(thermistor)를 삽입하고, 과열비(overheat ratio), 열선의 냉저항과 작동 중의 저항차, 열선의 브릿지상단에서의 출력 중 한 가지를 일정하게 유지시켜 온도보상을 수행하는 방법을 제안하였다. Takagi(1985)는 위의 방법 중 과열비를 일정하게 유지 시키는 방법을 택하고, 출력으로 브릿지상단의 전압이 아닌 열선에 흐르는 전류를 감 지함으로써 더욱 더 간단한 온도보상시스템을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 바로 이 방법 을 채용하여 온도보상을 수행한다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.61-64
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• 2008

We studied the effect of the variation of the lattice constant on the electrical properties of $SrRuO_3$ thin films. In order to obtain films with different volumes, we varied the substrate temperature and oxygen pressure during the growth of the films on $SrTiO_3$ (001) substrates. The films were grown using a pulsed laser deposition method. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the grown films at low temperature and low oxygen pressure indicated the elongation of the c-axis lattice constant compared to that of the films grown at a higher temperature and higher oxygen pressure. The in-plane strain states are maintained for all of the films, implying the expansion of the unit-cell volume by the oxygen vacancies. The variation of the electrical resistance reflects the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the metal, with a ferromagnetic transition temperature inferred form the cusp of the curve being observed in the range from 110 K to 150 K. As the c-axis lattice constant decreases, the transition temperature linearly increases.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.942-946
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• 2004

The crystalline and dielectric properties on Al$_2$O$_3$ filled glass frit (CaO-Al$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$-MgO-B$_2$O$_3$) with admixtures of TiO$_2$ have been investigated. The dielectric constant value of 7.5 ∼ 7.8, qualify factor value of 700 were obtained for glass frit : Al$_2$O$_3$(50 : 50 wt%) ceramics. Addition of TiO$_2$ less than 5 wt% slightly increased the dielectric constant from 7.8 to 8.8 due to higher dielectric constant of TiO$_2$. With increasing the amount of TiO$_2$ up to 5 wt%, the temperature coefficient of dielectric properties was improved. When the TiO$_2$ 5 wt% were added, dielectric properties were dielectric constant 8.8, quality factor 840 and the temperature coefficient of dielectric 45 ppm/$^{\circ}C$ at a sintering temperature 920$^{\circ}C$.