• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.113-128
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• 2014

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has the natural assets resulting in UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Listed and World Geopark Certification, so the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' has been set up for the vision of environmental policy to preserve these assets. This case study has been carried out to investigate the realization of the principle of 'Conservation First Development Later' for the development projects performed environmental impact assessment from 1994 to 2012 in Jeju Province, using geographic information systems(GIS). The Jeju Province has its own ordinance to consult and operate an environmental impact assessment(EIA) system. In particular, the conservation area, such as, Absolute/Relative Conservation Area and Underground Water, Ecosystem and View Conservation Zone, has been assigned and managed specially to conserve the natural environment. The 179 projects has been performed EIA for last 18 years in Jeju Province, and then the Absolute Conservation Area has been included in 22 projects and the Relative Conservation Area has been included in 34 projects. However, the 2 projects only have included the Absolute Conservation Area for 7 years after 2005. This result suggests that the application of the principle for the Absolute Conservation Area is strengthened gradually. On the other hand, the 17 projects and the 24 projects have included the Underground Water Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2, respectively, and the number has been increasing after 2004. The results show that it needs to strengthen the application of the principle for this Zone. And the Ecosystem Conservation Zone assigned grade 1 and 2 have been included in 1 project and 9 projects, respectively. It is considered from this result that the principle is realized successfully for the Ecosystem Conservation Zone. In addition, it could be known that the principle is applied well for the View Conservation Zone, in this study.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.7-19
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• 2023

This article focuses on the Namdaemum repair and the Seokguram restoration, which had begun in 1961, as an important repair conducted during the time of seeking the conservation principle of architectural heritage after liberation in Korea. Through the analysis of the principles described in the repair report issued after the two repairs, meeting records, and related expert announcements, it is shown that the principle of 'preservation of the historic state' had been established at Namdaemun repair and later have changed to the principle of 'restoration of the historic form' which means reconstruction in Seokguram restoration. By analyzing the minutes of the Cultural Heritage Committee's meeting on the repair of other cultural properties during this period, it is revealed that the key terms related to the preservation principle, 'historic form' and 'restoration', were given meaning as 'object' and 'method' of preservation, and then 'restoration of the historic form' has been gradually used as a conservation principle.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.178-189
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• 2016

This essay explores the ways in which the philosophical concept of "original form" is expressed in relevant laws and regulations, the legal character of respective regulations, the way in which each regulation is applied in practice for heritage management, and the factors required for this concept to serve as a legally binding fundamental principle. The current laws and regulations on heritage maintain a consistent requirement for preserving the original form of heritage, both for the general public and for heritage professionals. However, the principle of preserving original form is expressed as a declaration or imperative without substantive definitions. Consequently, heritage administrators simply follow administrative procedures for heritage conservation, management, and promotion while failing to specify the meaning of "original form." For the practical application of the principle of preserving original form to overall heritage conservation activities as an actual legal principle, further provisions should be added for the purpose of clarifying the principle, with consideration given to the observation of fundamental principles for legal provisions, such as the principles of clarity, equality, and proportion. The principle of preserving original form still functions as the most necessary principle for heritage conservation and therefore should be reestablished as a refined and rational regulatory system.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 1993

Before the EIA was established in the Federal Republic of Germany, the impact mitigation principle - a planning instrument, which has its legal foundation in the German nature conservation legislation already had {and still has} the function to valuate environmental impacts. The valuation principles and methods which have been developed in correlation to this instrument are now also used in the EIA. Particularly for the valuation of alternating effects on the different ecological landscape functions and for the valuation of ecological mitigation and compensation measures this valuation methods are used. These methods base on a special kind of modelling nature and environment Following the aim of the nature conservation act, which is to save the capacity of the landscape to perform its essential functions, not the ecological factors (soil, water, air etc.) itselfs are evaluated but the ecological functions of the landscape, which are based on the ecological factors.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.106-121
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• 2019

Sustainable development in society has become the center of focus in many fields such as industry, environment, health, culture, etc. Considering that the concept of heritage involves understanding it as a 'resource' to improve the quality of people's lives, sustainability is an important goal that heritage policy has to achieve. Adopting the definition of sustainability in the 1987 Brundtland Report, this paper defines the concept of sustainability with respect to heritage, as well as their respective roles. Following that, three action principles are presented: value-based conservation, rational decision-making, and community involvement. Two cases demonstrating how the three principles should be practiced in managing change are then illustrated. Considering that heritage can play its role as a resource once its significance is protected, this paper argues that value-based rational decision-making is of paramount importance and the first principle. Conservation aims to manage change by practicing a cyclic process of value identification, value sustaining, and value dissemination. Therefore, this paper argues that all processes should be connected in the context of heritage values. A rational decision-making process practicing value-based conservation is then suggested. This paper argues that rational decision-making can only be practiced once values are identified by objective criteria and managed by rational judgment upon impact assessment. Community involvement, the third principle, is necessary to realize value-based conservation and rational decision-making. Recognizing that a community is a beneficiary of heritage and a creator of a beneficial process at the same time, it discusses the role of community and the importance of this role in policies for the sustainability of heritage. This paper concludes with a set of recommendations to improve policies after examining the two decision-making cases.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2018

Philosophical discussion and ethical approach have been crucial aspects in the rational decision-making of heritage conservation. This study analyses why and how they play an important role in determining the quality of conservation practice. It highlights the key concepts of conservation philosophy and ethics, as well as their relationship, in order to establish a constructive platform through which researchers may understand the role and importance of conservation philosophy and ethics. In conclusion, this study provides a set of recommendation for the government, academic experts, and conservators which will allow them to become actively involved in improving the quality of philosophical and ethical knowledge in the field of conservation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.229-240
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• 1972

Radioisotopes and their related techniques have recently been applied for scientific conservation works of cultural property and resulted many excellent findings or conservation data which could never be achieved by means of other techniques. Radiocarbon dating have widely been applied for dating the antique of organic origin, whereas the determination of radioactive contents in metal, ceramics, environmental soil, and classical objects could be able to afford many useful informations on the age, genuiness, and archeological significances as it had been produced. Trace quantity of contents of each antique have successfully been analyzed by means of radioactivation analysis or radio active tracer techniques, which could afford important technical data and results for tile conservation of each object. Radiography have also been applied for detecting the internal defects of metal objects and furthermore $\beta$-and ${\gamma}$-ray radiography were proved to be effective for such thin material as textile, painting, and fibres. In this article the detailed principle and procedures of each technique were presented so that the society could be able to make efforts to familiarize all concerns with these modern trends of the conservation techniques of cultural property.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1999

Junam reservoir is 1,800,000 pyung of marsh waters. Various migration birds choose to spend their winters at Junam because of its mild climate. Since many rare bird species coexist around this reservoir, which is increased in concern. At the side of residents of Junam reservoir, development opinion is park, This area must be sustainable development so that original function of reservoir may maintain The development direction hope that Junam reservoir's residents increase of the life style and of the income.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 1994

Environmental conservation has become one of the greatest concerns of all the people in the world. This issue is related to wood utilization in two major view points such as carbon dioxide emitted by the use of manufacturing energy and absorbed during the growth of trees. Wood construction materials require less manufacturing energy, which, in turn, means less carbon dioxide emission. In addition, wood keeps absorbed carbon in itself as far as it is not burnt. Therefore, wood is environmentally superior to other materials in terms of potential effects on atmospheric carbon dioxide. As examples of the environmental effect of wood utilization, the following two results were obtained: 1) If wood construction becomes popular in Korea as in Japan, more than 24% of carbon dioxide emission during construction of residential housings can be reduced: and 2) If aluminum windows are substituted by wood windows, more than 19% of carbon dioxide emission can be reduced. If the principle of "cut and plant" is kept well, wood is the best construction material for environmental protection as well as human residence.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.421-428
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• 2016

The present work extends the recent variational formulation to more general time-dependent problems. Thus, based upon recent works of variational formulation in dynamics and pure heat diffusion in the context of the extended framework of Hamilton's principle, formulation for fully coupled thermoelasticity is developed first, then, with thermoelasticity-poroelasticity analogy, poroelasticity formulation is provided. For each case, energy conservation and energy dissipation properties are discussed in Fourier transform domain.