• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.303-321
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• 2011

The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in Asia are the primary drivers of performance to maximise productivity from animals. Feed security is fundamental to the management, extent of use, conservation and intensification for productivity enhancement. The awesome reality is that current supplies of animal proteins are inadequate to meet human requirements in the face of rapidly depleting resources: arable land, water, fossil fuels, nitrogenous and other fertilisers, and decreased supplies of cereal grains. The contribution of the ruminant sector lags well behind that of non-ruminant pigs and poultry. It is compelling therefore to shift priority for the development of ruminants (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep) in key agro-ecological zones (AEZs), making intensive use of the available biomass from the forage resources, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) and other non-conventional feed resources (NCFR). Definitions are given of successful and failed projects on feed resource use. These were used to analyse 12 case studies, which indicated the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers, empowerment, and the benefits from animals of productivity-enhancing technologies and integrated natural resource management (NRM). However, wider replication and scaling up were inadequate in project formulation, including systems methodologies that promoted technology adoption. There was overwhelming emphasis on component technology applications that were duplicated across countries, often wasteful, the results and relevance of which were not clear. Technology delivery via the traditional model of research-extension linkage was also inadequate, and needs to be expanded to participatory research-extension-farmer linkages to accelerate diffusion of technologies, wider adoption and impacts. Other major limitations concerned with feed resource use are failure to view this issue from a farming systems perspective, strong disciplinary bias, and poor links to real farm situations. It is suggested that improved efficiency in feed resource use and increased productivity from animals in the future needs to be cognisant of nine strategies. These include priorities for feed resource use; promoting intensive use of crop residues; intensification of integrated ruminant-oil palm systems and use of oil palm by-products; priority for urgent, wider technology application, adoption and scaling up; rigorous application of systems methodologies; development of adaptation and mitigation options for the effects of climate change on feed resources; strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages; development of year round feeding systems; and striving for sustainability of integrated farming systems. These strategies together form the challenges for the future.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.131-149
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• 2000

In connection with international commercial arbitration the need to seek interim relief is generally recognized. Interim reliefs address the requirements of a party for immediate and temporary protection of rights or property pending a decision on the merits by the arbitral tribunal. The most common forms of interim relief are attachments and injunctions. If the arbitral tribunal has not yet been appointed, an application for interim relief must usually be addressed to the local courts at the place of commercial arbitration. If the arbitral tribunal has been appointed, the application for interim relief is first made to the arbitral tribunal. Interim relief by the arbitral tribunal is in the form of a direction to the parties. Since the arbitral tribunal has no enforcement power, it may be necessary to have a arbitral tribunal's direction confirmed by a local court which can enforce its order. The New York Convention does not provide for interim reliefs. The question is whether Article II(3) of the New York Convention that the court "shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration" denies jurisdiction to courts to grant interim reliefs in international commercial arbitration. Some cases have indicated that the U. S. court have no power to grant interim relief. Other cases have indicated that the U. S. courts do have the power to grant interim relief. It is unlikely that a U. S. court will order interim relief in relation to an commercial arbitration in a foreign country. Article 26 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules provides with respect to interim measures of protection. Section 1 of Article 26 of UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules provides that the arbitral tribunal may take any interim measures it deems necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute, including measures for the conservation of the goods forming the subject matter in dispute. This article gives the arbitral tribunal the broadest authority, not limited to safeguarding property. Article 17 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides that the arbitral tribunal may order any party to take such interim measure of protection as the arbitral tribunal may consider necessary in respect of the subject matter of the dispute. It may be noted that the article does not deal with enforcement of such measures. The International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration do not expressly empower the arbitral tribunal to grant interim reliefs. However, Article 8.5 of the ICC Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration provides that the parties shall be at liberty to apply to any competent judicial authority for interim measures. In conclusion, the power of the arbitral tribunal to provide interim reliefs is generally recognized in the arbitration rules of arbitral institutions. However, the arbitral tribunal's authority is limited by its lack of enforcement mechanisms. It is generally recognized that the local courts have power to grant interim reliefs in aid of an commercial arbitration. However, local courts are reluctant to grant interim reliefs if that decision requires an adjudication of issues within the special competence of the arbitral tribunal.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

본 연구는 경상북도에 소재한 경주 계림(사적 제19호)을 대상으로 원형보전의 기본자료 구축을 위한 생육수목의 공간정보 구축과 관리방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 계림 내 생육하는 전체 수목에 대한 조사결과, 2015년 11월 현재 계림 내에는 총 25종 510개체의 수목이 생육하고 있었고, 이 중 자연적으로 생육하는 종은 14종이었으며, 식재종 또한 14종이었다. 식재종 중 회화나무와 느티나무, 버드나무를 제외한 수종들은 역사적으로 식재근거가 없는 종으로, 원형보전을 최우선으로 고려해야만 하는 문화재로 지정된 이후에 고증 없이 도입된 종이다. 이들 종의 개체수는 전체 계림에서 약 33%를 차지하였으며, 귀화종인 가죽나무까지 포함하면 36%를 넘는 비율로 이미 계림의 역사적 전통성은 상당부분 훼손되었다고 볼 수 있었다. 2000년 이상의 역사를 지닌 계림은 현재 흉고직경 100cm 이상의 대경목이 총 15주로 전체 수목의 2.9%를 차지하고 있었으며, 이 중 10주가 왕버들로 과거 대상지 대부분이 왕버들 군락지로 판단할 수 있었다. 그러나 현재 흉고직경 20cm 이하의 후대목은 전무한 상태로 향후 숲의 지속적인 쇠퇴가 예상되었다. 또한, 대부분 소경목은 식재된 수목이 차지하고 있어, 계림이 지닌 자연숲으로써의 역사성과 장소성이 급속히 퇴색될 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2015

참돔과 감성돔은 우리나라 주변에 서식하는 고유 어종으로, 참돔의 암컷과 감성돔의 수컷을 이용한 인공수정에 의하여 잡종은 생산되었으나, 자연 상태에서는 이들 간의 잡종이 보고된 바 없다. 이들 두 어종의 암수 및 타 어종을 섞어서 대형 수조에서 사육하는 과정에서 생산된 수정란을 회수하여 부화시켜 육성하는 과정에서 이들 두 종간의 잡종의 형태를 보이는 개체들이 관찰되었다. 임의로 96개체를 선택하여 두 종에 모두 적용할 수 있는 microsatellite marker를 이용하여 유전학적 분석을 실시한 결과 96개체 중 두 종의 혼합된 형태적 특징을 보이는 15개체는 참돔 암컷과 감성돔 수컷 간의 잡종으로 판명되었으며, 나머지 81개체는 감성돔 치어로 확인되었다. 사육 수조의 크기가 매우 컸으며 다른 어류들도 함께 들어 있었다는 점과, 이와 같이 유전적으로 구분되는 두 종 간의 잡종이 자연상태와 유사한 환경에서 생산되었다는 점을 고려할 때 본 연구의 결과는 자연 상태에서도 인위적인 영향이나 기후 변화에 의하여 이들의 서식지가 중복될 경우 두 종간의 잡종이 생산될 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사한다.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.139-156
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• 1995

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of Gifted Education Isnstitute of Korea (GEIK) programs for gifted children especially in the areas of reasoning skills and creativity, thereby proving the effectiveness of the program. The subjects are 136 (103 boys and 33 girls) fourth, fifth, and sixth grade gifted children, who have participated in GEIK programs for more than six moths. They were stratified by the length of participation in GEIK programs. Ninety four children have participated for more than one year. Forty-two children have participated for less than one year. Both groups are rather homogeneous in IQ scores and school achievement levels at the time of enterance into GEIK programs. Both a Group Assessment of Logical Thinking (GAIT) and a Creativity test were used for the study on reasoning skills and creativity. GALT, developed by V. Roadranka, R. H. Yeany and M. J. Padilla in 1983, consists of 12 questions. It is classified into six subscales: conservation, proportional reasoning, controlling variables, provability reasoning, correlational reasoning, and combinatorial reasoning. The reliability of this test is .85. This test recommends to classify the stages of child development as follows according to the total test score. 0-4 point: Concrete Stage, 5-7 points: Transitional Stage, and 8 and above points: Formal stage. The Creativity Test was developed by Y. Lee and W. Chung (1971). It consists of four components: fluency, flexibility, originality, and openness. Only both fluency and openness were used in this study. In order to analyze data, T-Test, Intercorrelational Analyses, ANOVA, and Nultiple Regression were used. Followings are the results deduced from the above analoyses of the data. First, 43.48% of the subjects were on Concrete Stage, 36.78% were on the Transitional Stage, and 19.86% were on the Formal Stage in the developmental level classified by Piaget. Second, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in GALT than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. Third, boys showed higher score in GALT than girls did. Fourth, there were statistically significant intercorrelations between six subscales of GALT. Fifth, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in openness of creativity test than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. There were no significant differences in openness of creativity test between boys and girls. Sixth, the students who have participated in GEIK programs more than one year acquired significantly higher score in fluency of creativity test than the students who have participated in GEIK programs less than one year. Girls showed higher score in fluency of creativity test than boys did. Seventh, the students who acquired higher score in GALT showed higher score in both openness and fluency of creativity test. Followings are the conclusions deduced form the above results. First, the developmental level of reasoning skills of the fourth grade students participationg in GEIK programs is the same as that of 7th grade of normal Korean students and the same as those of 10th grade of U.S.A. and Philipoine students. Second, the GEIK programs are effective in improving reasoning skills. Third, the GEIK programs are effective in improving creativity. Fouth, reasoning skills and creativity can be improved by well planned programs. In conclusion, this study suggests that beyond reasoning skills and creativity, other areas such as areas in science skills, mathmatical skills, or verbal skills, etc., should be studied in the future.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.39.2-39.2
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• 2011

The new and renewable energy today has a great interest in all countries around the world. In special it has need more limit of the fossil fuel that needs of low carbon emission among the social necessary conditions. Recently, the high-rise building demand the structural safety, the economic feasibility and the functional design. The high-rise building spends enormous energy and it satisfied the design in solving energy requirements. The requirements of energy for the building depends on the partly form wind energy due to the cladding of the building that came from the surroundings of the high-rise building. In this study of the wind energy, the cladding of the building was assessed a tentative study. The wind energy obtains from several small wind powers that came from the building or the surrounding of the building. In making a cladding the wind energy forms with wind pressure by means of energy transformation methods. The assessment for the building cladding was surrounded of wind speed and wind pressure that was carried out as a result of numerical simulation of wind environment and wind pressure which is coefficient around the high-rise building with the computational fluid dynamics. In case of the obtained wind energy from the pressure of the building cladding was estimated by the simulation of CFD of the building. The wind energy at this case was calculated by energy transform methods: the wind pressure coefficients were obtained from the simulated model for wind environment using CFD as follow. The concept for the factor of $E_f$ was suggested in this study. $$C_p=\frac{P_{surface}}{0.5{\rho}V^{2ref}}$$ $$E_c=C_p{\cdot}E_f$$ Where $C_p$ is wind pressure coefficient from CFD, $E_f$ means energy transformation parameter from the principle of the conservation of energy and $E_c$ means energy from the building cladding. The other wind energy that is $E_p$ was assessed by wind power on the building or building surroundings. In this case the small wind power system was carried out for wind energy on the place with the building and it was simulated by computational fluid dynamics. Therefore the total wind energy in the building was calculated as the follows. $$E=E_c+E_p$$ The energy transformation, which is $E_f$ will need more research and estimation for various wind situation of the building. It is necessary for the assessment to make a comparative study about the wind tunnel test or full scale test.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 휴대용 기기의 터치스크린에 사용된 ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) 투명전극의 재활용에 대한 환경성 평가를 실시하였다. ITO 전극의 경우 도전성과 함께 투명성을 가지는 재료로서 터치 패널이나 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), ELD (Emitting Light Device), PDP (Plasma Display Panel) 등 각종 디스플레이 장치의 제조를 위한 투명전극으로 수요가 증가하는 추세이다. 특히 인듐과 같은 희소금속을 함유하고 있기 때문에 국가 전략적으로 반드시 재활용되어야 한다. 또한 매립이나 폐기시 발생하는 환경오염 및 인간에게 미치는 영향도 고려해야 한다. 이에 대해 Material Life Cycle Assessment (MLCA)를 이용하여 ITO를 재활용과 매립의 두 가지 처리방법에 따른 환경부하를 정량적으로 분석하고자 한다. 또한 이산화탄소 배출과 투입된 에너지량도 계산하였다. 재활용은 폐 디스플레이에 포함된 ITO의 10, 20, 30%를 회수했을 때를 기준으로 한다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2017

천연기념물 어름치 Hemibarbus mylodon의 복원학적, 발생학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 난 발생 및 초기생활사 연구를 실시하였다. 자연에서 친어를 채집한 후 실험실로 옮겨 사육하면서 약 15개월 후에 암 수의 인공 성숙에 성공하였다. 성숙한 암컷과 수컷은 Ovaprim (0.5 mL/kg)을 주사하여 산란을 유도하였고 건식법으로 인공수정시켰다. 산란된 성숙란(n=30)은 $2.21{\pm}0.06mm$이었으며, 접착성을 띤 불투명한 회색이었다. 수정란은 수온 $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 수정 후 78시간(50%)만에 부화하였으며, 부화 직후의 자어는 전장 $6.6{\pm}0.75mm$ (n=10)이었다. 부화 후 14일에 전장 $13.5{\pm}0.23mm$ (n=10)로 난황흡수가 완료되어 후기자어로 이행하였다. 부화 후 21일에는 전장 $14.8{\pm}0.45mm$ (n=10)로 모든 지느러미 기조가 정수가 되어 치어기로 이행하였다. 100일 후에 전장 $33.0{\pm}4.25mm$ (n=10)로 1쌍의 입수염이 나타나고 체측의 반문과 체형이 비교적 성어와 유사하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 사육 기술 및 초기생활사 특징은 어름치의 보전생물학적 측면에 도움이 될 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2014

본 총설에서는 산림생태계의 생태수문시스템을 복잡계의 관점에서 바라 보았을 때, (1) 생태수문계의 구성 요소들이 상호작용을 통해 망을 형성하고 집단적인 반응을 하며, (2) 복잡정교한 정보 처리를 수행하고, (3) 자기-조직화 과정을 통해 적응해 가는 복잡계의 특징들을 볼 수 있을 것이라고 가정하였다. 제시된 과정망 그리기의 결과는 생태수문계에 관여하는 다양한 시공간 규모의 과정들이 실제로 관련 변수들 간의 되먹임과 정보 흐름의 망을 형성하고 있음을 명확히 보여준다. 또한 구성 변수들이 독특한 형태(즉, 차별화된 결합 형태, 방향성 및 시간 지연 규모)로 정보를 교환함으로써, 망 안에 또 다른 망을 형성하며 일관되게 조직화되어 특정한 하부계들을 구성하는 계층적(hierarchical) 구조를 잘 나타낸다. 이러한 하부계들이 종관 하부계(SS), 대기경계층 하부계(ABLS), 생물리 하부계(BPS), 생물리화학 하부계(BPCS) 등으로 다양하게 나타남을 보여준다. 주목할 점은, 이러한 하부계들이 서로 되먹임 고리들을 맺거나 끊음으로써 지역하부계(RS)와 같은 새로운 하부계의 집합체를 생성하거나, 또는 분리시킨다는 것이다. 이러한 과정은 바로 복잡계의 특성인 자기-조직화 과정의 증거로서, 생태계가 계층적으로 조직화되어 성장하고 발전하면서, 자연적/인위적 교란 속에서도 자기-조직화를 통해 동적 평형을 유지하며, 환경 변화에 적응하고 진화해 나감을 함축적으로 의미한다. 생태계의 건전성은 시스템의 자기-조직화 과정들이 유지될 때에 비로소 보존되는 것이기 때문에, 이러한 관점에서 과정망 연구방법은 의미있고 이치에 닿는다.