• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2019

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of revision cochlear implant (CI) surgery for better speech comprehension targeting patients with low satisfaction after first CI surgery. Subjects and Methods: Eight patients who could not upgrade speech processors because of an too early CI model and who wanted to change the whole system were included. After revision CI surgery, we compared speech comprehension before and after revision CI surgery. Categoies of Auditory Performance (CAP) score, vowel and consonant confusion test, Ling 6 sounds, word and sentence identification test were done. Results: The interval between surgeries ranged from eight years to 19 years. Same manufacturer's latest product was used for revision surgery in six cases of eight cases. Full insertion of electrode was possible in most of cases (seven of eight). CAP score (p-value=0.01), vowel confusion test (p-value=0.041), one syllable word identification test (p-value=0.026), two syllable identification test (p-value=0.028), sentence identification test (p-value=0.028) had significant improvement. Consonant confusion test (p-value=0.063), Ling 6 sound test (p-value=0.066) had improvement but it is not significant. Conclusions: Although there are some limitations of our study design, we could identify the effect of revision (upgrade) CI surgery indirectly. So we concluded that if patient complain low functional gain or low satisfaction after first CI surgery, revision (device upgrade) CI surgery is meaningful even if there is no device failure.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.362-366
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• 2008

Purpose :The purpose of this study is to investigate the predisposing factors for nipple confusion by using questionnaires. Methods :From October, 2005 to October, 2006, we performed a survey on guardians of neonates who had been admitted to the nursery at Dongguk University Medical Center and were discharged 10 to 14 days before the survey. We reviewed their medical records retrospectively. The neonates were categorized into two groups; nipple-unconfused group and nipple-confused group. Results :There were 71 neonates in the nipple-unconfused group and 29 neonates in the nipple-confused group. In the nipple-confused group, 12 neonates (41.4%) had nipple-suckling experience before admission, whereas in the nipple-unconfused group, 54 neonates (76.1%) had nipple-suckling experience before admission; showing a difference that was statistically significant (P=0.001). Regarding to breast-feeding experience before admission, 11 neonates (37.9%) had experience in the nipple-confused group, whereas 49 neonates (69.0%) had in the nipple-unconfused group. This also showed a statistically significant difference (P=0.004). However, the relationship between the duration of breast-feeding prior to hospitalization was not different (P=0.151). Conclusion :In this study, we believe that the suckling experience and the breast-feeding of neonates before admission may be factors affecting the development of nipple confusion. This study particularly revealed that neonates who had only nipple suckling experience, regardless of breast-feeding, had less nipple confusion. Thus, allowing neonates enough time to make an attempt at nipple suckling may be helpful to prevent nipple confusion.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.203-211
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• 2020

Given that American English and British English show differences for several vowels and that Korean students have mainly been exposed to American English, this study examined 27 Korean university students' identification of American and British English vowels. The results showed that Korean students' identification accuracy of American English vowels was higher (64.7%) than that of British English (54.7%), thus indicating that Korean students' familiarity with American English affected the students' identification of English vowels. However, vowel variation also affected students' identification of English vowels in that only the American English vowels in the words beat, bat, but, burt, bart, bite were better identified than the corresponding vowels in British English. Among the vowels which exhibit differences between American English and British English, the students' identification accuracy of the American English vowels in burt, bart, bat was significantly higher than that of British English and the error patterns for these vowels were also different. The analysis of vowel error patterns indicated that Korean students had much difficulty with non-rhotic vowels and [a] in bat in British English. Further, the vowels in bot and boat demonstrated a similar [ɑ]-[ɔ]-[ʌ] confusion and also a confusion between rounded vowels in spite of the differences of these vowels between American English and British English. Some pedagogical implications for teaching of English vowels were discussed based on the findings of the present study.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2015

Purpose: To investigate the changes of corrective values of astigmatism caused by the position of circle of least confusion on retina in refining astigmatic test using cross cylinder. Methods: 62 subjects (115 eyes) aged $22.24{\pm}2.48$ years participated for this study. After astigmatic test using a radial chart, refining test was performed using a cross cylinder in a condition of maximum plus to maximum visual acuity (MPMVA). Astigmatic refining test was repeatedly performed in each condition of which S+0.75 D, S+0.50 D, S+0.25 D, S-0.25 D, S-0.50 D, and S-0.75 D are added to spherical lenses of MPMVA. The measured values were compared with the values in MPMVA condition. Results: As compared with values in condition of MPMVA, change of astigmatic axis was increased with add the power of (+) spherical lenses and (-) spherical lenses. In same spherical condition, change of astigmatic axis was decreased with increment of astigmatic power (p<0.05). The corrective power of astigmatism was reduced with increment of (+) spherical lenses (p<0.05), and was raised with increment of (-) spherical lenses compared with the power in MPMVA condition. In case of adding (+) spherical lenses, difference of astigmatic power increased with increment of corrective astigmatism power in same test condition. Conclusions: In order to obtain a proper values for corrective astigmatism, position of circle of least confusion should be accurately adjusted before the performing an astigmatism's refining test.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.7-27
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• 2003

Esophageal Speech uses the esophageal air during phonation. Fluent esophageal speakers frequently intake air in oral communication, but unskilled esophageal speakers are difficult with swallowing lots of air. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of acoustic characteristics of vowel and consonants production according to the speech proficiency level in esophageal speech. 13 normal male speakers and 13 male esophageal speakers (5 unskilled esophageal speakers, 8 skilled esophageal speakers) with age ranging from 50 to 70 years old. The stimuli were sustained /a/ vowel and 36 meaningless two syllable words. Used vowel is /a/ and consonants were 18 : /k, n, t, m, p, s, c, $C^{h},\;k^{h},\;t^{h},\;p^{h}$, h, I, k', t', p', s', c'/. Fundermental frequency (Fx), Jitter, shimmer, HNR, MPT were measured with by electroglottography using Lx speech studio (Laryngograph Ltd, London, UK). 36 meaningless words produced by esophageal speakers were presented to 3 speech-language pathologists who phonetically transcribed their responses. Fx, Jitter, HNR parameters is significant different between skilled esophageal speakers and unskilled esophageal speakers (P<.05). Considering manner of articulation, ANOVA showed that differences in two esophageal speech groups on speech proficiency were significant; Glide had the highest number of confusion with the other phoneme class, affricates are the most intelligible in the unskilled esophageal speech group, whereas in the skilled esophageal speech group fricatives resulted highest number of confusions, nasals are the most intelligible. In the place of articulation, glottal /h/ is the highest confusion consonant in both groups. Bilabials are the most intelligible in the skilled esophageal speech, velars are the most intelligible in the unskilled esophageal speech. In the structure of syllable, 'CV+V' is more confusion in the skilled esophageal group, unskilled esophageal speech group has similar confusion in both structures. In unskilled esophageal speech, significantly different Fx, Jitter, HNR acoustic parameters of vowel and the highest confusions of Liquid, Nasals consonants could be attributed to unstable, improper contact of neoglottis as vibratory source and insufficiency in the phonatory air supply, and higher motoric demand of remaining articulation due to morphological characteristics of vocal tract after laryngectomy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.615-617
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 블록 암호 알고리즘을 위한 새로운 Dynamic-네트워크를 제시한다. Dynamic-네트워크 는 좋은 confusion과 diffusion 메카니즘을 제공한다. 어떠한 Dynamic-네트워크 {{{{ { 2}^{n }-비트(n >=1) }}}}길 이를 갖는 모든 평문을 입력으로 할 수 있으며, 일정 길이 이상의 모든 비트 스트링을 키로 사용할 수 있다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.15
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• pp.13-27
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• 2009

Animation fascinates people. Fascination can be defined as a state in which one's attention is irresistibly taken and remains that way even though he/she gains nothing from the object. The power of fascination of animation comes from the fact that the illusion in animation looks as convincing as the reality. In order to successfully fascinate spectators, animation should attract their eyes with visual sensation (confusion), and then quickly have them immersed into the narrative, the inner logic that rationalizes the confusion while the attraction lasts. Animation fascinates us with both visual sensation and narrative, and this fascination is the reason why we keep making animation in spite of the extra efforts it requires. Our fascination to animation is a eulogy to the fantasy so convincing that makes our perception discords with our reason.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.328-332
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• 2007

Epilepsy is any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden, recurring attacks of motor, sensory, or psychic malfunction with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures. It could be divided into subcategories due to the international classification of epileptic seizure and the complex partial seizure, that is one of epileptic seizure subcategories, is characterized by elaborate and multiple sensory, motor, and/or psychic components accompanying the clouding of consciousness, prodrome, automatism, postictal confusion. This study reports a patient who was presumptive diagnosed as complex partial seizure by having the clouding of consciousness, prodrome, postictal confusion. We also diagnosed him as a ‘dianxian’ patient induced by sum deficiency of liver & kidney. This patient was treated by acupuncture to tonifying eum of liver & kidney and it achieved markedly improved symptoms.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.619-632
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• 2020

Highly dispersive S-boxes are desirable in cryptosystems as nonlinear confusion sublayers for resisting modern attacks. For a near optimal cryptosystem resistant to modern cryptanalysis, a highly nonlinear and low differential probability (DP) value is required. We propose a method based on a piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) with optimization conditions. Thus, the linear propagation of information in a cryptosystem appearing as a high DP during differential cryptanalysis of an S-box is minimized. While mapping from the chaotic trajectory to integer domain, a randomness test is performed that justifies the nonlinear behavior of the highly dispersive and nonlinear chaotic S-box. The proposed scheme is vetted using well-established cryptographic performance criteria. The proposed S-box meets the cryptographic performance criteria and further minimizes the differential propagation justified by the low DP value. The suitability of the proposed S-box is also tested using an image encryption algorithm. Results show that the proposed S-box as a confusion component entails a high level of security and improves resistance against all known attacks.