• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.97-112
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• 2013

In this study, physical, social and psychological repression embodied by the body and clothing are referred to instinctual, power and creative desires, respectively, from the point of biological, social and aesthetic views. Desire refers to a behavior to overcome men's imperfections with individual security, sense of belonging and the pursuit of an ideal, which are obtained by living as a social creature. Repression through the body is sub-categorized depending on whether it is temporary or permanent. Repression expressed through clothing is seen through revealing/concealing, contraction/expansion, and deconstruction/ reconstruction. What enables human beings to embrace changes in fashion without fierce resistance or backlash is the changes of formativeness demonstrated by repression through the body and clothing. The aesthetic values drawn from the exhibition of repression and on the body and clothing are categorized into narcissism, fetishism and aestheticism. While narcissism is an instinctive desire grounded on the originality and confidence of the self that results in refusing repression, fetishism is a desire for power that expedites repression in the pursuit of materialistic value or sexual fantasy. Aestheticism is a desire for creativity that symbolizes the body-and-clothing repression in the pursuit of aesthetic idealism. Repression evokes desire, and the pursuit of desire leads to another repression. The aesthetic values of desire for instinct, power and creativity can be substituted with each other for interpretation according to the attitudes of an initiator, a user and a spectator.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital intraoral radiography in diagnosing simulated small external root resorption cavities. Materials and Methods: Cavities were drilled in 159 roots using a small spherical bur at different root levels and on all surfaces. The teeth were imaged both with intraoral digital radiography using image plates and with CBCT. Two sets of intraoral images were acquired per tooth: orthogonal (PA) which was the conventional periapical radiograph and mesioangulated (SET). Four readers were asked to rate their confidence level in detecting and locating the lesions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of each modality in detecting the presence of lesions, the affected surface, and the affected level. Analysis of variation was used to compare the results and kappa analysis was used to evaluate interobserver agreement. Results: A significant difference in the area under the ROC curves was found among the three modalities (P=0.0002), with CBCT (0.81) having a significantly higher value than PA (0.71) or SET (0.71). PA was slightly more accurate than SET, but the difference was not statistically significant. CBCT was also superior in locating the affected surface and level. Conclusion: CBCT has already proven its superiority in detecting multiple dental conditions, and this study shows it to likewise be superior in detecting and locating incipient external root resorption.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.513-525
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• 2017

In the estimation of the exploitable carrying capacity (ECC) in the Korean water of the East China Sea, two approaches, which are the ecosystem modeling method (EMM) and the holistic production method (HPM), were applied. The EMM is accomplished by Ecopath with Ecosim model using a number of ecological data and fishery catch for each species group, which was categorized by a self-organizing mapping (SOM) based on eight biological characteristics of species. In this method, the converged value during the Ecosim simulation by setting the instantaneous rate of fishing mortality (F) as zero was estimated as the ECC of each group. The HPM is to use surplus production models for estimateing ECC. The ECC estimates were 4.6 and 5.1 million mt (mmt) from EMM and HPM, respectiverly. The estimate from the EMM has a considerable uncertainty due to the lack of confidence in input ecological parameters, especially production/biomass ratio (P/B) and consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B). However, ECC from the HPM was estimated on the basis of relatively fewer assumptions and long time-series fishery data as input, so the estimate from the HPM is regarded as more reasonable estimate of ECC, although the ECC estimate could be considerd as a preliminary one. The quality of input data should be improved for the future study of the ECC to obtain more reliable estimate.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

Objectives: Prospective evaluations of the associations between depressive symptoms and suicide deaths have been mainly performed in high-risk populations, such as individuals with psychiatric disorders or histories of self-harm. The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine whether more severe depressive symptoms assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were associated with a greater risk of death from suicide in a general-risk population. Methods: A total of 113 478 men from the Korean Veterans Health Study (mean age, 58.9 years) who participated in a postal survey in 2004 were followed up for suicide mortality until 2010. Results: Over 6.4 years of follow-up, 400 men died by suicide (56.7 deaths per 100 000 person-years). More severe depressive symptoms were associated with greater risk of suicide death (p for trend <0.001). The unadjusted hazard ratios (HRs) in comparison to the absence of depression were 2.18 for mild depression, 2.13 for moderate depression, 3.33 for severe depression, and 3.67 for extreme depression. After adjusting for potential confounders, men with a potential depressive disorder had an approximate 90% higher mortality from suicide (adjusted HR, 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 2.68; p<0.001) than men without depression. Each five-point increase in the GDS score was associated with a higher risk of death by suicide (adjusted HR, 1.22; p<0.001). The value of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of GDS scores for suicide deaths was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.64). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms assessed using the GDS were found to be a strong independent predictor of future suicide. However, the estimate of relative risk was weaker than would be expected based on retrospective psychological autopsy studies.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

The purpose of the current study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of muscle thickness (MT) measurement of the psoas major (PM) using ultrasonography (US) conducted at different inward pressures of approximately .5 kg, 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg. Twelve healthy male subjects were recruited for the study. The thicknesses of both PMs of each subject were measured by two different examiners in a random manner to assess the intra- and inter-rater reliability. The measurement values were analyzed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). ICC (2,1) was used to determine the inter-rater reliability and ICC (3,1) was used to assess the intra-rater reliability of the MT measurement of the PM. The results indicated higher ICC values for intra-rater reliability compared to inter-rater reliability. In addition, the value for intra-rater reliability with .5 kg inward pressure [ICC=.99 (95%CI=.98~.99)] was higher compared to 1.0 kg, 1.5 kg, and 2.0 kg. Other inward pressures for intra- and inter-rater reliability in current study were also demonstrated to have excellent values (ICC=.94~.99). These findings showed that maintaining consistent inward pressure is essential for maintaining reliability of the results when the MT of the PM is measured by different examiners in a clinical setting.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of camphoroquinone on the properties of five experimental composites. The contents of camphoroquinone were varied as 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6%, with silanized filler 75% and tertiary amine 0.2%. Five kinds of experimental composites were prepared, and diametral tensile strength, shear bond strength, depth of cure and yellowish discoloration were tested as a measurement. Specimen numbers of 10 were applied to all test items and experimental groups. Specimens for testing the diametral tensile strengths with internal diameter of 6mm in diameter and 3mm in height were filled with 5 experimental composites which were crushed with 1mm/min cross-head speed on Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 4467). Shear bond strength was measured on specimens attached to bovine teeth enamel etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Depth of cure was measured by the measurement of height of specimens which were removed the un-polymerized portion with acetone. Yellowness measurements were made by chromometer(Minolta Co. Japan) using L$^*$a$^*$b$^*$ values. ANOVA and Multiple range tests were used analyzed data with confidence level at 95%. The mean value of the shear bond strengths ranged from 31.03MPa to 39.49MPa. Following results were obtained ; 1. Diametral tensile strength was highest in experimental group 3, then was not affected by the contents of camphoroquinone ($r^2$=0.0422). 2. Composite resins containing 0.4% camphoroquinone showed the highest shear bond strength, but there was no statistical significance (p=0.3718). 3. Camphoroquinone reduces the depth of cure in the composite resins (p=0.0004, $r^2$=0.9483). 4. Camphoroquinone made the composites yellowish ($r^2$=0.9815). These results mean that increased content of camphoroquinone reduces the depth of cure, and that camphoroquinone make composites yellowish.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze about the perception in obesity and body somatotype of university students in Korea and in China. This study provides the basic data of nutrition education for university student healthy weight program in China. The subjects were selected 240 university students of Korea and China. Two types of qualitative and quantitative questionnaires were used to analyze the attitude and body somatotype of subjects. The results of this study were as follows: The average BMI of Korean and Chinese male students was 22.3 and 22.5, respectively while the average BMI of Korean and Chinese female students was 19.8 and 19.7, respectively. In the past three years, the weight gain of Chinese students was higher than that of Korean students. Chinese students preferred the overweight body somatotype more compared to the Korean students. The overweight and obese students had more obvious insufficiency in body somatotype perception. The overweight and obese students had higher tendency to 'eat more meat', 'drink carbonated beverages', 'eat convenience food', 'take fast food' and 'drink alcohol' than the normal and low weight group. The major reasons for Korean students to control weight were 'appearance' and 'self confidence', while the major reasons for Chinese students were 'health' and 'employment'. From the results of associative group analysis (AGA), Chinese students had different semantic value of 'obese' than Korean students. Considering of the food transition status in China, it may be necessary to develop more suitable education programs for weight control for Chinese university students.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.185-190
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• 2003

We applied modified least square method (MLS) and ordinary least square method (OLS) to 1st order equation for the comparison of the uncertainties calculated by these methods. The uncertainty calculated by OLS covered statistically safe interval because it was over-estimated in many cases of measurement and concentration level. But, if the uncertainty of the concentration as a reference value was comparably large (about 5% of the relative standard deviation of random scattering from the regression line and about 7% of relative standard uncertainty of reference values), then uncertainty calculated by OLS was seriously under-estimated at high concentration level. It was revealed that the calculated uncertainty didn't cover statistically safe interval at the stated confidence level. It was found that the method, MLS, described in the previously article would be valid for this calculation of uncertainty.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.28
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• pp.79-102
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• 2011

This is a follow-up research of Oh Jae Hwan(2010) aimed to confirm the influence of the educational program of improved question search methods on the duty and job satisfaction of private security guards. For this research, a survey was conducted on a sampling of 170 private security guards living in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, as selected in the research of Oh Jae Hwan(2010). A frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted on the collected data by using the SPSS 15.0. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value of the reliability of the survey was over 0.800. The analyzed result of the research is as follows. It was found that when there was an increase in the content of educational training of the program there was also an increase in the job satisfaction and performance. This signifies that the contents of the improved educational program includes scientific and systematic techniques such as METT and action promoting questions, the adequately constructed practical skill education allows private guards to have confidence in their duty, the research reflects the current trends and has a high possibility of utilization due to its high relevance to the duties of private security guards.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the risk of both individual and combined health behaviors on premature mortality in middle aged men in Korea. Methods: In total, 14 533 male subjects 40 to 59 years of age were recruited. At enrollment, subjects completed a baseline questionnaire, which included information about socio-demographic factors, past medical history, and life style. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2008, we identified 990 all-cause premature deaths using national death certificates. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of each health risk behavior, which included smoking, drinking, physical inactivity, and lack of sleep hours. Using the Cox model, each health behavior was assigned a risk score proportional to its regression coefficient value. Health risk scores were calculated for each patient and the HR of all-cause premature mortality was calculated according to risk score. Results: Current smoking and drinking, high body mass index, less sleep hours, and less education were significantly associated with all-cause premature mortality, while regular exercise was associated with a reduced risk. When combined by health risk score, there was a strong trend for increased mortality risk with increased score (p-trend < 0.01). When compared with the 1-9 score group, HRs of the 10-19 and 20-28 score groups were 2.58 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 2.19 to 3.03) and 7.09 (95% CIs, 5.21 to 9.66), respectively. Conclusions: Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, drinking, and regular exercise, have considerable impact on premature mortality and should be assessed in combination.