• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to observe mandibular condyle shape in an asymptomatic population. In order to carry out this study, 96 temporomandibular joints in 48 adults(22 males, 26 females), who were asymptomatic for temporomandibular disturbances and had no history of prosthodontic or orthodontic treatments, were selected, and radiographed using the Sectograph(Denar Co., U.S.A.) for lateral and frontal individualized corrected TMJ tomograph and submentovertex radiograph. Mandibular condyles were classified morphologically, and measured medioateral and anteroposterior dimensions and condylar angulation. The obtained results were as follows. 1. In the classification of condyle shape on lateral tomographs, 94.8% were convex type and 5.2% were angled type. 2. In the classification of condyle shape on frontal tomographs, 45.3% were convex type, 32.0% were round type, 16.0% were flat type, and 6.7% were angled type. 3. In the classification of condyle shape on submentovertex radiographs, 34.5% were flat-convex type, 22.9% were flat-flat type, 20.8% were concave-convex type, 19.8% were convex-convex type, and 1.0% were concave-flat type and convex-flat type. Concave-concave type, convex-concave type, and flat-concave type were not observed. 4. The average mediolateral legth of the condyle was 19.3㎜ and the average anteroposterior length was 9.4㎜. The average angle between the long axis of condyle and the coronal plane made on submentovertex view was 19.6 degrees.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.471-482
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• 1995

Bony remodeling pattern of condyle fractures in children are different from in adult for growing of condyle, also might affect treatment and prognosis of the condyle fracture. Subjects of this clinical and radiologic study were 26 temporomandibular joints diagnosed as condyle fracture in 23 patients under 15 years old age. They were treated with conservative method at Dental Hospital of Yonsei University from Jan., 1986 to Oct., 1994. Bony remodeling related with fracture pattern was evaluated. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The ratio of male to female in patients with condyle fracture was 1 : 0.9 and the difference of sex ratio was not noted. Comparing with preschool-age group and school-age group, age frequency was higher in preschool-age group(83％). 2. Fallen down(54％) was the most frequent cause of condyle fractures. Traffic accident and slip down were followed. 3. The most common clinical sign of condyle fractures was tenderness to paipation09 cases). Mouth opening limitation07 cases), swelling(7 cases), malocclusion(3 cases) were next in order. 4. According to sites of condyle fractures, unilateral fractures were in 20 patients and bilateral fractures in 3 patients, therefore total 23 patients-26 cases of condyle fracture were observed. According to fracture distribution, condyle fractures were in 10 patients(44％). Condyle fractures with symphysis fracture(9 patients, 39％), condyle fractures with ascending ramus fracture(2 patients, 9％), condyle fracture with mandibular body fracture(1 patient, 4％), and condyle fractures with mandibular angle fracture(1 patient, 4％) were followed. 5. In displacement pattern of fractured fragment of mandibular condyle, dispiacement(17 cases, 66％) was most common. Dislocation(5 cases, 19％) and deviation (4 cases, 15％) were next in order. 6. During the observation period of fractured condyles, remodeling patterns of fracture sites related with articular fossa were observed with usual condylar shape in 23 cases and with prominently different shape in 3 cases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-41
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to observe mandibular condyle shape and position in an asymptomatic population. In order to carry out this study, 142 temporomandibular joints in 71 adults(35 males, 36 females), who were asymptomatic for temporomandibular joint disorders and had no history of prosthodontic or orthodontic treatments, were selected, and radiographed using the Accurd-200 head holder(Denar Co., U.S.A) for transcranial radiograms and the Sectography(Denar Co., U.S.A) for lateral individualized corrected tomograms. Mandibular condyles were classified morphologically and evaluated in positional relationships with articular fossae and articular eminences at centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening. The obtained results were as follows; 1. In the classification of mandibular condyle shape, the convex type was more prevalent in transcranial radiograms and tomograms taken at medial, central, and lateral locations. 2. In the mandibular condyle position at centric occlusion, the mandibular condyles were placed posterior to the center of articular fossae in transcranial radiograms and anterior to the center of articular fossae in tomograms taken at medial, central, and lateral locations. 3. In the mandibular condyle position in right and left TMJs at centric occlusion, the mandibular condyles were placed bilateral asymmetric relationships to the articular fossae in transcranial radiograms and tomograms taken at medial, central, and lateral locations. 4. In the mandibular condyle position at 1 inch mouth opening, the mandibular condyles were placed anterior to the articular eminences in transcranial radiograms and tomograms taken at central location and posterior to the articular eminences in tomograms taken at medial and lateral locations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.203-212
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• 1988

This study was designed to observe mandibular condyle shape and position in an asymptomatic popular ion. Using Accurad-200 head holder(Denar Corp.) for transcranial radiography of the temporo-mandibular joint region, transcranial radiographs were taken at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening in 73 males and females who were asymptomatic for TMJ disturbances, had no severe carious or missing teeth, and no history of prosthodontic or orthodontic treatments. Mandibular condyles were classified morphologically at the centric occlusion and evaluated in positional relationship with mandibular fossa and articular eminence at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening. The results were as follows: 1. In the morphologic classification of mandibular condyle, the convex shape was more prevalent in an asymptomatic population(90.4%), the locally concave shape and wedge shape were 5.5%, 4.1%. 2. At the centric occlusion, the means of joint space were 3.43nm superiorly, 2.17㎜ anteriorly, and 2.61㎜ posteriorly. 3. At the centric occlusion, the mandibular condyles were placed slightly anterior to the center of their fossa. 4. At the 1 inch mouth opening, the mandibular condyles were placed anterior to the articular eminence more than posterior to or below the top of the articular eminence.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 1995

Today, with the development of modern civilization, the change of industrial structure and the increase of traffic volume and population make the number of maxillofacial injury patients also increase. Especially, the fracture possibilities of mandibular condyle have been increased because of mandibular position and shape. I experienced the case that mandibular condyle fracture caused by gun-shot injury(Bullet had been packed at the opposite condyle of input site) was treated by foreign body removal and condyle open reduction. I will represent that case with the journal review.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.974-981
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• 2001

One approach to reconstructing a damaged mandibular condyle is to replace it with a rib graft. This procedure requires removal of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The rib graft has significantly different shape and mechanical properties than the original condyle. These three factors can be expected to alter mandible (jaw) mechanics. We used voxel-based finite element methods to analysis both normal and a simulated reconstructed mandible using data from the US NIH Visible Human Female. Results demonstrated significant differences between normal and reconstructed mandible mechanics. The reconstructed mandible displaced more than the normal mandible. Stresses in the rib graft were 3 to 4 times higher than in a normal mandibular condyle. Stresses in the rest of the mandible were also higher in the reconstructed case. Further analyses are required to determine how each of the alterations in the reconstructed mandible contributes to the difference in reconstructed mandible mechanics.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2008

Purpose : To compare and evaluate the diagnostic ability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Materials and Methods : CBCT and MRI of 46 TMJs of 23 patients with TMJ disorders were evaluated. They were divided into 3 groups according to the position of the articular disc of the TMJ at closed mouth position and the reduction of the disc during open mouth position on MRI: no disc displacement group (NDD), disc displacement with reduction group (DDR), and disc displacement without reduction group (DDWR). With PACS viewing soft-wares, position of mandibular condyle in the articular fossa, osseous change of mandibular condyle, shape of articular fossa, and mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions of mandibular condyle were evaluated on CBCT and MRI. Each value was tested statistically. Results : The position of mandibular condyle in the articular fossa were concentric in the NDD, DDR, and DDWR of CBCT and NDD of MRI. However, condyle was positioned posteriorly in DDR and DDWR of MRI. Flattening, sclerosis and osteophyte of the mandibular condyle were much more apparent on DDR of CBCT than MRI. And the erosion of the condyle was much more apparent on DDWR of MRI than CBCT. Box and Sigmoid types of articular fossa were found most frequently in DDR of MRI. Flattened type was found most frequently in DDR of CBCT and deformed type was found most frequently in DDWR of CBCT. No significant difference in mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions were shown on CBCT and MRI. Conclusion : Since MRI and CBCT has unique diagnostic imaging ability, both modalities should be used together to supplement each other to evaluate TMJ.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objective: Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software). Results: The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions. Conclusions: The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2012

The incidence of condylar fractures is high,but the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle continues to be controversial. Historically, maxillomandibular fixation, external fixation, and surgical splints with internal fixation systems were the techniques commonly used in the treatment of the fractured mandible. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced, or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and dental occlusion, and the surgeonnds on the age of the patient, the co-existence of othefrom which it is difficult to recover aesthetically and functionally;an appropriate treatment is required to reconstruct the shape and achieve the function ofthe uninjured status. To do this, accurate diagnosis, appropriate reduction and rigid fixation, and complication prevention are required. In particular, as mandibular condyle fracture may cause long-term complications such as malocclusion, particularly open bite, reduced posterior facial height, and facial asymmetry in addition to chronic pain and mobility limitation, great caution should be taken. Accordingly, the authors review a general overview of condyle fracture.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 1984

This study was performed to observe the secondary images and to analyse the relationships between the primary and secondary images in panoramic radiograph. Using the Moritta's Panex-EC panoramic x-ray machine and the human dry skull, the author analysed 17 radiographs which were selected from 65 radiographs of the dry skull that attached the radiopaque materials, and the attached regions of the radiopaque materials were the normal anatomical structures which were important and selected as a regions for the evaluation of the secondary images effectively. The results were as follows; 1. The cervical vertebrae showed three images. The midline image was the most distorted and less clear, and bilateral images were slightly superimposed over the posterior border of the mandibular ramus. 2. In mandible, the secondary image of the posterior border of the ramus was superimposed on the opposite ramus region, and this image was elongated from the anterior border of the ramus to the lateral side of the posterior border of the ramus. The secondary image of the condyle was observed on the upper area of the coronoid process, the sigmoid notch and the condyle in opposite side. 3. In maxilla, the posterior region of the hard palate showed the secondary image on the lower part of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. 4. The primary images of the occipital condyle and the mastoid process appeared on the same region, and only the secondary image of the occipital condyle was observed symmetrically on the opposite side with similar shape to the primary one. 5. In the cranial base, the anatomical structures of the midsagittal portions like a inferior border of the frontal sinus, sella turcica, inferior borderr of the sphenoid sinus and inferior border of the posterior part of the occipital bone showed the simillar shape between the primary and secondary images symmetrically. 6. The petrous portion of the temporal bone showed the secondary image on the lateral side of the sella-turcica, and the secondary images of the posterior border of lesser wing, superior border of greater wing of the sphenoid bone and posterior border were observed on the anterior-superior and inferior region of the sella-turcica.