• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2020

The authors developed a nodal network model that simulates the flow of moist air and the thermal behavior of a target area. The nodal network model was enhanced using a parameter estimation technique based on the measured temperature, humidity, and schedule data. However, the nodal model is not good enough for predicting humidity of the target space, having 55.6% of CVRMSE. It is because re-evaporation effect could not be modeled due to uncertain factors in the field measurement. Hence, a data-driven model was introduced using an artificial neural network (ANN). It was found that the data-driven model is suitable for predicting the condensation compared to the nodal model satisfying ASHRAE Guideline with 3.36% of CVRMSE for temprature, relative humidity, and surface temperature on average. The model will be embedded in automated devices for real-time predictive control, to minimize the risk of surface condensation at dressroom in an apartment housing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 1994

This work studies for boiling and condensation heat transfer performance of trapezoidally shaped integral-fin tubes having fin densities from 748fpm to 1654fpm. For comparison, tests are made using a plain tube having the same inside and outside diameter as that of the root of fins of finned tubes. Hahne's theoretical model and Webb's theoretical model are used to predict the R-11 boiling heat transfer coefficient and condensing heat transfer coefficient respectively for plain tube and all integral-fin tubes. Experiments are carried out using R-11 as working fluid. This work is limited to film-wise condensation and pool boiling on the outside surface of plain tube and 4 low integral-fin tubes. In case of condensation, the refrigerant condenses at saturation state of 32$^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by coolant and in case of boiling. the refrigerant evaporates at saturation state of 1bar on the outside tube surface. The amount of non-con-densable gases in the test loop is reduced to a negligible value by repeated purging. The actual boiling and condensing processes occur on the outside tube surfaces. Hence the nature of this surface geometry affects the heat transfer performances of condenser and evaporator in refrigerating system. The condensation heat transfer coefficient of integral-fin tube is enhanced by both extended tube surface area and surface tension. The ratio of the condensation heat transfer coefficients of finned to plain tubes is greater than that of surface area of finned to plain tubes, while ratio of the boiling heat transfer coefficient of finned to plain tubes shows reverse result. As a result, low integral-fin tube can be used in condenser more effectively than used in evaporator.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.130-140
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• 1992

The physical benchmark problem on the direct-contact condensation under the horizontal occurrent stratified flow was analyzed using the RELAP5/MOD2 and /MOD3 one-dimensional model. Analysis was peformed for the Northwestern experiments, which involved condensing steam/water flow in a rectangular channel. The study showed that the RELAP5 interfacial heat transfer model, under the horizontal stratified flow regime, predicted the condensation rate well though the interfacial heat transfer area was underpredicted. However, some discrepancies in water layer thickness and local heat transfer coefficient with experimental results were found especially when there is a wavy interface, and those were satisfied only within the range.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.381-389
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• 2000

Lateral condensation with gutta-percha and sealer has been shown to provide an excellent apical seal; however, the lateral condensation technique has demonstrated less favorable apical leakage results in curved canals when compared with straight canals. Placement of endodontic spreaders to within 1 to 2mm of the root canal working length has been advocated for optimum gutta-percha obturation. Due to their stiffness, stainless-steel(SS) spreaders will often fail to achieve this position in curved canals. Newly marketed nickel-titanium(NT) spreaders may offer an advantage in this regard due to the increased flexibility of these instruments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NT finger spreader on the sealing ability in lateral condensation technique, compared with conventional SS finger spreader. Twenty four standardized resin models simulating curved canals(30 degree) were randomly placed into 2 groups and instrumented to a #30 master apical file size with Ni-Ti Profile .04 taper series using step down technique. Each groups was obturated with standardized gutta-percha cone by standard lateral condensation technique using SS finger spreader, NT finger spreader. And then, each model was sectioned horizontally with microtome at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5mm levels from the apex. At each of 5 levels, ratio of the area of gutta-percha was obtained by calculating the area of gutta-percha to the total area of the canal. The data collected were then analyzed statistically using a t test for independent samples. The results as follows ; 1. The total mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 89.20${\pm}$7.00(%) for SS spreader group. 92.20${\pm}$5.17(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). 2. At 3mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 88.32${\pm}$5.41(%) for SS spreader group, 95.25${\pm}$2.60(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). At 1,2,4mm levels, NT spreader group showed greater mean ratio of area of gutta-percha than SS spreader group, too. But there was no statistically significant difference. 3. At 5mm level, the mean ratio of area of gutta-percha was 91.83${\pm}$3.42(%) for SS spreader group, 87.91${\pm}$3.68(%) for NT spreader group. There was statistically significant difference between each group(p<0.05). This study concluded that the NT spreader demonstrated somewhat favorable apical sealing effect than SS spreader in prepared curved canals. The clinical use of NT spreaders may enhance our ability to create better apical seals in curved canals, but further studies in this area will help clarify some of the remaining areas with which practitioners are concerned, such as compaction forces exerted by NT spreaders.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.813-820
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• 2001

The Safety depressurization System(SDS) of KNGR prevents RCS from overpressurization by discharging high pressure and temperature coolant through the I-sparger into the IRWST during an accident. If IRWST water temperature rise locally, around the sparger, beyond $200_{\circ}$2000 F by the discharged coolant, unstable steam condensation can cause large pressure load on the IRWST wall. To investigate whether this condition can be avoided for the design basis event IOPOSRV(Inadvertent Opening of one Pilot Operated Safety Relief Valve), the flow and temperature distribution of water in the IRWST is calculated by using CFX 4.3 computational fluid dynamic code. According to the results, since pool water temperature does not exceeds temperature limit within 50 seconds after the opening of one POSRV, it can be assured that the integrity of IRWST wall is maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.137-147
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• 1995

The unbalance response analysis is one of the essential area in the forced vibration analysis of rotor-bearing systems. Local bearing parameters in rotor-bearing systems are the major sources which give rise to a difficulty in unbalance response computation due to the complicated dynamic properties such as rotational speed dependency and anisotropy. In the present paper, an efficient method for unbalance responses is proposed so as to easily take into account bearing parameters in computation. An exact matrix condensation procedure is proposed which enables the present method to compute unbalance responses by dealing with condensed, small matrices. The proposed method causes no errors even though the computation procedure is based on the small matrices condensed from the full matrices. The present method is illustrated through a numerical example and compared with the conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics (COP) of the heat pump system for various operating conditions with the use of seawater heat source and exhaust energy. To accomplish the goal, first of all, the computer simulation for heat pump system is carried out. The heat pump system model is made of a waste heat recovery system and a vapor compression refrigeration system, and the working fluid is R-22. The model calculated the change of COP with the variation of temperature and flow rate. The COP and the plate heat exchanger (PHE) area of the heat pump system are considered moderately high in the condensation temperature of $25^{\circ}^C$ and the evaporation temperature of $2^{\circ}^C$ in indoor culture system. The simulation results will be used effectively for the design and the performance prediction of heat pump system using unused energy in a land base aquaculture system.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.411-420
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to compare the adaptability of thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha technique to the canal walls in ribbon-shaped canals. Thirty resin models simulated ribbon-shape canals were instrumented to #40 using .06 taper Profile systems. Three groups of each 10 resin models were obturated by the lateral condensation technique(LC) and the two thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha technique; Ultrafil Endoset+Obtura II(EO) and Ultrafil Firmset(UF), respectively. After resin model were kept at room temperature for 4 days, they were resected horizontally with micro-tome at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm levels from apex. At each levels. image of resected surface were taken using CCD camera under a stereomicroscope at $\times$40 magnification and stored. Ratio of the area of gutta-percha was obtained by calculating area of gutta-percha cone to the total area of canal using digitized image-ana-Iyzing program. The data were collected then analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1 At 1mm levels, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean ratio of gutta-percha among the groups. 2. At 2mm level, EO showed the highest mean ratio of gutta-percha (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between LC and UF. 3. At 3, 4, 5mm levels, EO and UF had significantly greater mean ratio of gutta-percha than LC(p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between EO and UF. In conclusion, the thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha techniques demonstrated relatively favorable adaptability to canal walls than lateral condensation technique in ribbon-shaped canals except for 1mm level.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.29 no.12 s.243
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• pp.1291-1298
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• 2005

Since the interior shape of a pressure regulator is complex and the change of fluid resistance at each operation condition is rapid and big, the pressure regulator can become the major factor that causes big loss in pipelines. So the suitable pressure regulator modeling by each operation condition is important to obtain reliable results especially in small scale pipeline network analysis. And in order to prevent the condensation and freezing problems, it is needed to confirm both whether temperature recovery is achieved after passing by the pressure regulator's narrow neck and how much amount of low temperature area that can cause condensate accumulation is distributed by various PCV models at every inlet-outlet pressure ratio. In this research, the numerical model resembling P company pressure regulator that is used widely for high pressure range in commercial, is adopted as the base model of CFD analysis to investigate pressure regulator's flow characteristics at each pressure ratio. Additionally it is also introduced to examine pressure regulator's critical flow characteristics and possibility of condensation or freezing at each pressure ratio. Furthermore, the comparison between the results of CFD analysis and the results of analytic solution obtained by compressible fluid-dynamics theory is attempted to validate the results of CFD modeling in this study and to estimate the accuracy of theoretical approach at each pressure ratio too.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.941-952
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• 2017

Using the Generation of Thermal-Hydraulic Information for Containments (GOTHIC) code, thermal-hydraulic phenomena that occur inside the containment have been investigated, along with the preliminary design of the passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of an innovative pressurized water reactor (PWR). A GOTHIC containment model was constructed with reference to the design data of the Advanced Power Reactor 1400, and report related PCCS. The effects of the design parameters were evaluated for passive containment cooling tank (PCCT) geometry, PCCS heat exchanger (PCCX) location, and surface area. The analyzed results, obtained using the single PCCT, showed that repressurization and reheating phenomena had occurred. To resolve these problems, a coupled PCCT concept was suggested and was found to continually decrease the containment pressure and temperature without repressurization and reheating. If the installation level of the PCCX is higher than that of the PCCT, it may affect the PCCS performance. Additionally, it was confirmed that various means of increasing the external surface area of the PCCX, such as fins, could help improve the energy removal performance of the PCCS. To improve the PCCS design and investigate its performance, further studies are needed.