• 대한간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.636-652
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• 1992

This study identified the impact of childhood cancer on the Korean family. The purpose was to contribute knowledge for family nursing and pediatric hospice care practice with sick children and their families. This descriptive study was conducted during a 6 month period with children who were being treated for cancer at six university hospitals in Seoul. The data were gathered from members of 68 families ; 24(Group A), with a child newly diagnosed with cancer : 27(Group B), with a child under treatment and without complications, and 17 (Group C), with a child in relapse. Medical records, structured questionnaires and interviews were used for data collection. The questionnaires and interview schedules had been used previously in Martinson's research in the USA and China. The findings, conclusions, and suggestions are as follows. 1. The impact of childhood cancer on the family. Members of the family experienced fear, helplessness, guilty feelings, and anger at the time of the initial diagnosis and at relapse. Mothers complained of headache, anorexia and poor appetite, weight loss, sleep disturbance, and bad dreams. Many of the fathers either lost or changed jobs, and all working mothers stopped working. Half the parents reported changes in their marital relationships such as frequent quarrels but also stronger unity. Family members perceived cancer as the most frightening disease. Change in their world view was expressed as living on faith understanding suffering, determining to live a better life, wanting to live an upright life and valuing health as the most important. Religious activities are found most helpful through this difficult experience. Financial debt due to the treatment and care of the sick child, burdened 22 families. The above mentioned impact was most evidant in Group B(those presently undergoing treatment) and Group C(those in relapse). Findings indicate that nursing care should embrace the family of a child who is being treated for cancer. 2. Characteristics of the child with cancer The majority of the children in this sample had a diagnosis of leukemia. Their mean age was 6.8 and the ratio of boys to girls was 1.12 ; 1. The mean hospitalization frequency was 13.5 times and the mean duration of illness was 16.8 months. Most of 1.he children perceived cancer as the most frightening disease ; 32.7% of the children described their sickness as serious. Children in Group C were hospitalized more frequently, stayed in hospital for longer periods, and expressed their sickness as quite serious more often than the other two groups. These findings indicate how much comprehensive pediatric hospice nursing care services are needed along with relevant research and nursing education. 3. Characteristics of the families. The mean age of the father was 39.5 and the mother, 36,6 ; they are in their most productive life period. Mothers especially expressed feelings of financial uneasiness and powerlessness about giving up their jobs, and guilty feelings for not providing enough care and concern to other children due to taking care of the sick one. The burden of caring for the sick child can bring negative changes in family dynamics which they think provoke potential health problems in members of the family These findings suggest a need for nursing support and counselling resources. Findings also suggest the need for ethical inquiry about such questions as who should give information to the child in regard to diagnosis and prognosis, when, and how. Other suggestions included : 1) Quality health care for childhood cancer such as home care and pediatric hospice programs should be established. 2) Special and practical consideration for long-term patients should be made in the present insurance coverage. The reimbursement period for long-term patients should be lengthened. 3) Further in-depth qualitative studies are needed. 4) Education programs including guided practice experience for pediatric hospice care practitioners are needed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.430-458
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• 1990

Care is a central concept of nursing. Nursing would not exist without caring. Care and quality of life are closely related. Human behavior is a manifestation of culture. We can say that caring and nursing care are expression of culture. The nurse must understand the relationship of culture with care for ensure quality nursing care. But knowledge of cultural factors in nursing is not well developed. Time and in - depth study are needed to find meaningful relationships between culture and care. Nurses recognized the importance of culturally appropriate nursing There are two care systems in culturally based nursing. The folk care system and the professional nursing care system. The folk care system existed long before the professional nursing care system was introduced into this culture. If the discrepancy between these two care systems is great, the client may receive inappropriate nursing care. Culture and subcaltures are diverse and dynamic in nature. Nurses need to know the caring behaviors, patterns, and their meaning in their own culture. In Korea we have taken some first step to study cultural nursing phenomena. It is not our intent necessarily to return to the past and develop a nationalistic of nursing, but to identify the core of traditional caring and relate that to professional nursing care. Our Assumptions are as follows : 1) Care is essential for human growth, well being and survial. 2) 7here are diverse and universal forma, expressions, patterns, and processes of human care that exist transcul - turally. 3) The behaviors and functions of caring differ according to the social structure of each culture. 4) Cultures have folk and professional care values, beliefs, and practices. To promote the quality of nursing care we must understand the folk care value, beliefs, and practices. We undertook this study to understand caring in our traditional culture. The Goals of this study were as follows : 1) To identify patterns in caring behavior, 2) To identify the structural components of caring, and 3) To understand the meaning and some principles of caring. We faised several questions in this study. Who is the care-giver? Who is the care-receipient? Was the woman the major care -giver at any time? What are the patterns in caring behavior? What art the priciples underlying the caring process? We used an interdisciplinary team approach, composed of representatives from nursing and anthropology, to contribute in -depth understanding of caring through a socicaltural perspeetive. A Field study was conducted in Ro-Bong, a small agricultural kinship village. The subjects were nine women and one man aged be or more years of age. Data were collected from january 15 to 21, 1990 through opem-ended in-depth interviews and observations. The interview focused on caring behaviors sorrounding birth, aging, death and child rearing. We analysed these data for meaning, pattern and priciples of caring. In this report we describe caring behaviors surrounding childbirth. The care-givers were primarily mothers- in -low, other women in the family older than the mother - to- be, older neighbor woman, husbands, and mothers of the mother-to- be. The care receivers were the mother-to-be the baby, and the immediate family as a component of kinship. Emerging caring behavior included praying, helping proscribing, giving moral advice(Deug - Dam), showing concern, instructing, protecting, making preparations, showing consideration, touching, trusting, encouraging, giving emotional comfort, being with, worrying about, being patient, preventing problems, showing by an example, looking after bringing up, taking care of postnatal health, streng thening the health condition, entering into another's feelings(empathizing), and sharing food, joy and sorrow The emerging caring component were affection, touching, nurtuing, teaching, praying, comforting, encouraging, sharing. empathizing, self - discipline, protecting, preparing, helping and compassion. Emerging principles of. caring were solidarity, heir- archzeal relationships, sex - role distinction. Caring during birth expresses the valve of life and reflects the valued traditional beliefs that human birth is given by god and a unique unifying family event reaching back to include the ancestors and foreward to later generations. In addition, We found positive and rational foundations for traditionl caring behaviors surrounding birth, these should not be stigmatized as inational or superstitious. The nurse appropriately adopts the rational and positive nature of traditional caring behaviors to promote the quality of nursing care.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2002

보건기관에 근무하는 치과위생사의 직무실태, 직무만족도, 그리고 향후 직무개선 방안을 알아보기 위하여 경상북도 보건소 및 보건지소에 근무하고 있는 치과위생사 전원(203명) 대상으로 2002년 4월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 타부서에 비해 업무량이 많다고 응답한 대상자는 52.2%였고, 보수 수준에 대하여는 61.6%가 보통, 36.5%는 만족한다고 하였다. 대상자의 73.9%가 업무에 대해 긍지와 보람을 느낀다고 하였고, 32.0%가 전직의사가 있다고 응답하였는데, 전직의사 이유로는 승진기회의 부족이 가장 높았다. 대상 치과위생사의 47.3%가 직무교육에 참여한 경험이 있었고, 19.2%가 특수사업에 참여한 경험이 있었다. 치과위생사가 공무원계급에 6급직이 없는 이유에 대해서는 60.6%가 타직렬의 견제 때문이라고 응답하였다. 보건기관에서 타업무에 종사하는 치과위생사에 대해서는 53.7%가 구강업무에 종사하도록 해야 한다고 하였고, 치과의사가 배치되어 있지 않은 지역의 치과위생사에 대해서는 61.9%가 치과질료실을 구강보건실로 전환하여 구장질환 예방사업에 종사하도록 하여야 한다고 하였다. 보건기관의 유휴 치과장비에 대해서는 89.1%가 지역실정에 맞게 치면세마사업에 활용하야야 한다고 하였다. 보건기관 근무 치과위생사외 구강보건업무 담당시간은 전체 업무시간의 57.8%를 차지하였고, 투입시간 비율은 치과실내에서의 치과진료업무가 41.6%로 가장 많았다. 구강보건업무 중 가장 중요하게 다루어야 할 업무로는 구강보건실 내에서의 구강보건업무 학교구강보건사업, 수직적 구강보건사업 순이었다. 보건기관에서의 구강보건 업무를 수행하는데 문제점으로는 공중보건치과의사의 부족으로 치과위생사 고유 업무에 종사 하지 못함, 구강보건사업에 대한 관심부족, 예산 및 인력부족 순이었다. 개선방안으로는 보건복지부와 도에 치과위생사 배치, 인력 및 예산확보 등이었다. 이상의 결과, 보건기관 근무 치과위생사의 효율적인 활용방안이 강구되어야 하겠는데, 타업무에 종사하고 있는 치과위생사의 재배치를 통해 구강보건업무에 종사하도록 하여야 하겠고, 치과위생사의 업무를 치과진료실 내에서의 진료보조 업무에서 구강보건교육과 예방진료 등으로 전환하는 것이 필요하겠으며, 공중보건 치과의사 미배치지역에 대해서는 지역설정에 맞게 치과 진료실을 구강보건실로 전환하여 구강보건사업에 활용하도록 하여야 하겠다. 또한 치과위생사익 전문성 제고를 위하여 직무교육, 연구사업, 특수사업 등의 참여 기회를 확대 부여하도록 하여야 하겠고, 치과위생사에 대한 6급 승진 기회 부여와 시 도에 구강보건 담당부서 설치 및 치과위생사 배치도 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2009

배경 : 이 연구에서는 조류인플루엔자에 대한 가금류 사육업자의 신고의지 및 이에 대한 언론보도에 의한 영향 등을 파악함으로써 조기감시 및 방역 등에서 중요한 대상인 가금류 사육업자의 적극적 참여를 유도할 수 있는 홍보 전략의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 : 연구는 가금류 사육업자 28명과 비사육업자 60명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 사육업자는 ‘08년도 조류독감 유행지역에서, 비사육업자는 유행이 없었던 지역에서 선정하였다. 조사기간은 2008년 7월-8월 2개월이었다. 설문내용은 대상자의 일반 특성, 조류인플루엔자에 대한 주관적 지식 및 인지 수준, 언론보도에 대한 영향 및 신뢰수준 등으로 구성하였다. 결과 : 조언론보도가 자신과 다른 사람에게 미치는 영향에 대한 ‘제3자 효과’는 사육업자에서 32.1%로서 비사육업자의 10.0%보다 높게 나타으며(p<0.05) 조류인플루엔자와 관련된 언론보도에 대한 신뢰수준은 사육업자(2.86)에서 비사육업자(3.43)보다 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 조류인플루엔자 유행을 인지한 경우 신고의지는 사육업자 71.4%, 비사육업자 90.0%로서 전자에서 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 신고의지가 없는 사람들에서 신고하지 않겠다는 이유로는 사육업자는 ‘신고시 감수해야 하는 경제적 손실에 대한 우려’가 87.5%로서 가장 많았다. ‘언론보도에 대한 신뢰도’는 ‘제3자 효과’와 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 조류인플루엔자에 대한 관심도나 심각성에 대한 인지수준이 높을수록 제 3자 효과는 증가하며 제3자 효과가 증가할수록 언론보도에 대한 신뢰도는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론 : 조류인플루엔자와 관련된 질병관리 문제들을 해결하기 위해서는 가금류 사육업자의 조류인플루엔자에 대한 올바른 인식 및 지식의 습득뿐만 아니라 언론보도의 내용이나 방향성에서 정확한 정보 제공과 더불어 사육업자의 심리 및 감성을 고려하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.40-60
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• 2004

서 론：1940년 경 발달학적 관점에서 시작된 애착에 관한 연구가 지난 수십 년 동안 많은 발전을 이루었다. 초기 연구에서 주로 영유아기 아동의 부모에 대한 애착연구는 이후 성인기애착에 대한 평가가 가능해지면서 청소년기 혹은 성인기의 대인관계나 정서적 유대, 양육 경험에 까지 적용해 왔다. 이런 발전과 함께 최근 발달학적 정신병리에 관한 연구로 애착장애를 포함한 다양한 아동기 정신병리, 더 나아가 성인기 정신질환과 애착의 관계에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. 이 관계를 최근에 수행된 연구들을 중심으로 조명해보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：최근에 수행된 연구를 중심으로 관련 문헌들-Medline에서 검색된 논문, 주요 단행본, 국내에서 발표된 애착 관련 논문들을 고찰하였다. 결 과：아동기 애착장애, 그 외에 정신병리로서 수용소에서의 양육과 후기 입양의 문제, 공격성과 행동문제, 아동기 불안장애 및 우울증, 성주체성 장애 및 섭식장애, 그리고 아동학대 및 부당 취급, 아동기의 또래관계 및 사회성 발달, 부모의 애착관계와 양육행동이 애착과 밀접한 연관을 가짐을 보여주고 있다. 다음으로, 최근 유아의 애착 행동이나 유형이 성인기까지 영향을 미치는가에 대한 장기 추적 연구들이 진행 중이다. 또한 Main 등이 개발한 AAI는 성인애착연구에 중요한 도구로 이용되었고, 이런 발전에 힘입어 부모의 해결되지 않은 애착에 관련된 문제가 자녀와 애착을 형성하는 과정에 영향을 주는 세대간 전이 현상을 발견하게 된 이후 성인 정신 병리의 원인에 대한 연구가 이러한 생애 초기의 애착과 관련된 문제에 관심을 갖게 하였다. 이 가운데 특히 성인기의 다양한 정신질환들-기분장애, 불안장애, 식사장애, 정신분열병, 해리장애, 성격장애-을 Bowlby의 발달학적 이론을 근거로 이해해 보고, 유아기의 애착과의 연관성 및 애착과 관련된 경험들이 후기 이러한 정신병리에 영향을 미칠 수 있는가에 대한 연구결과들이 논의되었다. 결 론：애착이론은 일반적인 부모의 양육과 같이 광범위한 부모-자녀 관계를 보다 심도 있게 조명할 수 있도록 한다. 또한 부모-자녀관계가 대개 사회심리적인 접근에서 이루어지고 있는 것과 달리 애착은 기본적으로 생존에 대한 생물학적인 기초에 근거하여 생태학적인 관점에서 아동의 문제를 파악할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 그리고 또한 부모-자녀관계, 나아가 아동과 가족간의 관계 속에서 파악하기 때문에 접근이나이를 기초로 하는 치료도 상호적인 관계 속에 이루어질 수밖에 없다. 따라서 앞으로 별도로 발전되어 왔던 발달 이론과 또한 별도로 독자적인 발전을 이루어 온 아동 정신병리 및 애착 장애와의 관련이 긴밀해져야 할 것이다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.112-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the consumer's expectation before the health care service and the consumer's satisfaction after it. The participants of the study are inpatients in a general hospital located in Seoul. The resources were collected from the self-administration questionnaire survey run parallel with face to face interview. In order to measure the degree of the consumer's expectation, 349 samples were collected from the first questionnaire survey on the date of admission to the hospital. The second questionnaire survey was carried out on the date of discharge to the hospital with the participants responding to the first questionnaire survey. There are 154 samples collected from this survey. The results from the analysis of these resources are as follow. First, the survey shows that one of the highest consumers' expectations was about the generosity, kindliness and sincerity from the staff at the hospital, specially from doctors. Second, according to the analysis of the factors affecting the expectations of the consumers, with regard to path of admission to a hospital relating to patient's features, outpatient who gets into a hospital expected good medical care much more than the other patients. In regard of doctor's features, patients usually and highly expect good medical care from doctors who have good carrier and much experience. Third, according to the second questionnaire survey, what patients are satisfied most with is about the generosity and sincerity from staff at a hospital, especially from doctors and their gem attitudes. The results from survey show that the differences among the degree of consumers' satisfaction are very variable, depending on surrounding environments and facilities. The only fact that expectation didn't meet with satisfaction appeared to the case about technology and skill of medical care and the case about updated medical skills and equipments. Fourth, comparing the degree of expectation with the degree of satisfaction of consumers, correlative analysis was concerned significantly and specifically about the part of overall cleanliness relating to facilities and surrounding environments, the items about medical examination and test plan procedure relating to skill of medical care, professional specialties and convenience for procedure, and the items about satisfying explanations and concern about patients from doctors relating to staff's generosity and sincerity. Fifth, the analysis of the factors affecting the degree of how much patients are satisfied with shows that relating to sociodemographical features, patients are not satisfied with the case when the time and process of medical treatment are getting longer. It is surveyed that consumer were satisfied with the motivation to visit a hospital and the insurance type in patient's feature and so were the medical department and the factor of the degree of the expectation in disease's feature. Sixth, according to analysis based on the survey, patients would join again a hospital when they get satisfaction from the medical care and also they want to come again regarding to doctor's capability. For example, when doctors are old, have a good carrier and much experience, patients would come again. As seen from the above, consumers are usually satisfied with the medical treatment more than that they expected before. They would intend to use again when they get satisfaction from the medical care provided at a hospital. Patients and consumers highly expect good attitude as well as capacity from medical doctors and they are also generally satisfied with those things. Therefore, in order to increase the degree of consumer's satisfaction and their intention to come again, the hospital staff would have to commit themselves to achieve high quality service continuously and would have to make an effort to offer the finest quality service.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2000

2000년도부터 교육 현장에 적용될 제7차 교육과정의 개정은 수준별 교육과정의 편성과 운영을 주요 핵심으로 하고 있으며, 특히 과학과에서는 심화 ${\cdot}$ 보충형 수준별 교육과정이 적용될 것이다. 이에 대비하여 본 연구에서는 심화 ${\cdot}$ 보충형 수준별 수업 모형이 학업 성취도 및 과학에 관련된 태토에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 중학교 2학년 '물의순환과 일기 변화' 단원에 대하여 심화 ${\cdot}$ 보충형 교수-학습 자료를 개발하였다. 또한 중학교 2학년의 4개반 152명을 대상으로 실험반(76명)에 대하여 심화 ${\cdot}$ 보충형 수준별 수업을, 그리고 통제반(76명)에 대하여 수준을 고려하지 않은 획일적인 수업을 각각 약 6주간 실시하여 학업 성취도 및 과학에 관련된 태도에 대한 변화를 공분산 분석으로 비교 ${\cdot}$ 분석하였다. 수업 처치 후, 실험 집단은 통제 집단에 비하여 학업 성취도에서 유의미한 향상을 보였고, 이러한 효과는 상위권 학생들보다 하위권에서 더 크게 나타났다. 한편 과학에 관련된 태도 변화에 있어서 통제 집단은 향상되었으나 실험 집단은 거의 변화가 없는 수준별 수업의 유의미한 부정적 효과를 보였다. 과학에 관련된 태도의 세 가지 영역을 분석한 결과에서 실험 집단은 '과학에 대한 태도'와 '과학적 태도' 에서 거의 변화를 보이지 않았지만, '과학 교과에 대한 태도' 에서는 유의미한 부정적 변화를 보였다. 특히, 하위 요소 중 '과학 수업에 대한 불안' 에서 수준별 수업의 부정적 효과가 컸다. 학업 성취 수준에 따른 과학에 관련된 태도에서 상위권 학생들은 '과학 교과에 대한 태도'의 하위 요소인 '과학 교수 방법에 대한 인식 ·만족' 에서 긍정적, 그리고 하위권은 '과학 수업에 대한 불안 에서 부정적 변화를 보였다. 본 연구의 수준별 수업 방법이 학생 개개인의 수준에 적합한 학습을 제공하여 학업 성취도를 증진시켰지만, 과학 관련 태도를 전반적으로 개선하지 못했다. 따라서 학생들의 흥미와관심도 고려되는 교수-학습 방법에 대한 지속적인 연구와 교과 내용의 적절한 변화가 동반된다면, 수준별 수업의 효과가 극대화될 수 있다고 본다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

This study analyzed the services as operated by the Child Health Telephone Service Center. The Center is a toll free service operated as part of the community services of the Korean Academic Society of Child Health Nursing. The aim of the study was to describe the concerns of child caregivers regarding child health care as discussed during telephone counseling. Specific objectives were as follows: 1. To analyze the activities of the Center. 2. To describe the characteristics of caregivers who made phone calls for counseling services and also the characteristics of their children. 3. To analyze the content of the counseling sessions. 4. To analyze counseling content according to the characteristics of the caregivers and their children. Data used for the study were obtained from the counseling records for the period from Sept. to Dec. 1999, as kept by the three counselors at the Center. The total number of calls was 8,261 and that consisted of 15,150 questions. The total questions were merged into 13,236 by eliminating those questions which overlapped or were of similar content. The final 13,236 questions were used for the final analyses. Almost of the callers (98.4％) were mothers. Among them 89.6％ were between 25 and 35 years of age. Geographical distribution of the callers covered the whole nation. The largest numbers who made the calls were from the Seoul metropolitan area (36％), followed by 28％ from Kyung Gi Province, and 20％ were from the Kyung Sang area. Among 8,261 callers, 72.8％ were first users. Sex of the babies and children in question for counseling was about even for males and females and ages ranged from one month to six years. The largest group (62.5％) was the less than six month age group. The finalized 13,236 questions/problems were categorized into 11 problem areas. They were in order of frequency, physical problems, feedings and nutrient concerns, information on child rearing, growth and development, guidance on utilization of child care facilities, elimination problems, sleeping concerns, immunization related concerns, behavior problems, injury and accidents, and safety measures. The most frequent problems for counseling were physical signs and symptoms (27.3％), followed by feeding and nutrients, information on child rearing, and growth and development. Of physical problems, abnormal gastrointestinal signs and symptoms were the most frequent concern and skin problems were next at 25％ and 23.3％ respectively. Loose bowels, vomiting and constipation were the most frequent gastrointestinal problems. Atopic dermatitis had the highest frequency at 53.3％ with diaper rash being the second highest among the skin problems. About 80％ of the growth and developmental category were physical development concerns related to physiological, body growth, and motor and sensory development. This study constitutes the activity report for the first year of the Center. The findings correspond with literature reports on child health problems and parents educational needs. One recommendation from this study is that since the services of the Center are carried out only by telephone, the psychology of the counselees and the counselor relationship must be considered for better services.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.37-62
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• 2016

상법 제931조 4호에 불가항력에 관한 조항은 두가지 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 첫째, 그 적용 범위에 있어 명확하지 않으며, 둘째, 동조 1호의 열거된 면책사유와 불가항력은 중첩적 가능성이 제기될 수 있다. 불가항력이란 자연재해 및 제3자로 인한 외부적 영향에 의한 경우를 뜻한다. 후자의 해석으로 인한, 제3자의 외부적 영향으로 발생한 사건이라는 해석은 굉장히 광범위하고 포괄적인 의미인데, 이는 집행자의 해석에 따라 각각에 적용되기에 그 기준의 명확성에 대해 의심해 볼 여지가 있다. 더욱이 항공기사고로 인한 (지상) 제3자의 손해는 그 발생빈도가 적고, 또한 이는 신설조항으로 그 분석과 적용에 대한 연구는 필요하다. 하여 외부적 행위로 인하여 (지상) 제3자에게 (비계약적) 손해가 발생하였다면, 그 손해의 범위의 기준을 마련하는 것이 법률적용의 명확성에 있어 바람직하지 않을까 사료된다. 불가항력으로 인한 항공기운항자의 면책은 항공기운항자의 산업보호라는 입장에서 필요한 조항이 될 수도 있다. 반대로 이는 언제나 피해자의 보호법익과 상충된다. 하여, 법률적 보호에 있어 가장 우선시 고려해야 할 사항은 누구의 보호법익이 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 것인가 이므로, 기업보호라는 측면도 결코 간과할 수 없는 부분이지만, 예상치 못한 피해를 받은 항공기사고로 인한 (지상) 제3자의 보호는 기업보호에 앞서 담보되어야 할 보호법익이다. 다음으로 중첩적 가능성이란, 상법 제931조의 1호와 4호이다. 1호에 정치, 경제적 이유로 발생된 사건에 대한 면책이라는 규정을 두고 있는데, 이는 4호의 불가항력에 대한 해석과 맞물릴 수 있다. 위에서 설명한대로 불가항력의 해석상, 제3자의 외부적 영향의 원인으로 경치 경제적 이유로 발생되어지는 일련의 사건을 포함한다고 볼 수 있으므로, 이에 대한 중복적 규정이라는 의문이 생긴다. 결론적으로 향후에 발생하게 될 규정의 구체화와 양 당사자 간의 균형있는 보호를 위하여 이에 관한 고려가 필요하다고 사료된다.