• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.62-82
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to assess the cause and level of conflict arising within and between departments among administration office workers who work in a recently established tertiary hospitals of a major cooperation or related non-profit cooperation: The study also aimed to find methods for resolution of such conflicts by comparing with other existing university hospitals. The subject population included 299 business administration office workers randomly selected from two cooperate related tertiary hospitals of less than 3 years in its existence and two university hospitals over 700 beds in Seoul and Kyong In area. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire. To define related factors for the level of conflict among departments in each hospitals multivariate regression analysis was conducted. Independent factors were characteristics of subjects, conflicting factors within and between the departments. The results are as follows: 1. Those in the 30-39 rears of age group demonstrated significantly higher level of conflict between departments. Those working in the new hospitals, who were older and had long-term tenure, and those with short-term job experience at current working hospital had higher level of conflict between the departments with statistical significance. 2. Concerning the involvement of conflicting factors and the level of conflict in the administration there was statistically significant positive correlation between reliability and job-related intra- and interdepartmental level of conflict in existing hospitals. There was a significant positive correlation between intradepartmental conflicting factors of mutual dependence, difference in goal/orientation and intra- and interdepartmental level of conflict. 3. In multivariate regression analysis, women more than men, and those who had worked for many years in hospitals had statistically significant influence on factors involved in interdepartmental level of conflict, explaining 51.0% of the model. 4. In existing hospitals, gender was a significant factor with women showing a higher level of interdepartmental conflict compared to men. Among the interdepartmental factors, mutual dependence had statistically significant influence and showed a positive relationship with interdepartmental level of conflict. In the new hospitals, job position was a significant factor which showed that those in high position such as section chief or above, compared to those in managerial or general position had higher level of conflict. Among the interdepartmental characteristics, factors of mutual dependence and goal/orientation had statistically significant influence and showed a positive relationship with interdepartmental level of conflict. In the new hospital setting efforts to reduce conflict in areas among workers with high position, old age, and long tenure and those in Purchasing, Material and Computer Department should be made and prudent management and planning for improved manpower and increased budget or efficient allocation and clear definition of job description are necessary to adequately assess and make improved efforts for rapid stabilization of the premature hospital system from its inception, In the existing hospitals a lack of conflict within and between departments may give rise to stagnation or inefficiency of the organization. Future study are needed with respect to the relationship between interdepartmental level of conflict and the effectiveness of the hospital organization for improved resolution of conflict in the organization and hospital management.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2011

세기조절방사선치료(Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, IMRT)의 정도관리를 위해서 독립적인 방법으로 선량검증을 하는 것은 중요하다. 독립적 선량검증을 위해 팬톰과 이온전리함을 이용한 측정 방법이 보편적으로 이루어지지만 많은 시간과 노력이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 세기조절방사선치료 시 시간에 따른 다엽콜리메이터의 움직임을 기록한 dynalog 파일을 이용하여 치료계획에서 도출된 총 실제 플루언스와 실제 치료 시의 모니터유닛(monitor unit, MU) 공간분포를 비교함으로써 간편한 세기조절방사선치료 정도관리 기술을 개발하였다. DICOM RT plan 파일로부터 총 실제 플루언스를 추출하고 MATLAB 코드를 이용하여 실제 치료 시 MU 공간분포를 dynalog 파일로부터 계산하였다. 개발된 방법의 효용성을 검증하기 위해 단계별조사기법과 동적조사기법으로 치료 받은 각 5명의 환자 데이터를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 분석 방법은 상용프로그램(Verisoft 3.1, PTW, German)에서 제공하는 감마인덱스를 사용하였다. 분석 결과 실제 치료 시의 MU 공간분포와 치료계획 상의 MU 공간분포 일치도가 평균 $97.8{\pm}1.33$%로 높은 일치도를 나타냈다. MU 공간분포 재구성의 정확도는 동적조사기법보다 단계별조사기법이 평균 1.4% 높았다. 본 연구에서 개발된 기술을 통해 세기조절방사선치료의 선량검증을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있다. 또한 분할치료 시 선량보정에 적용함으로써 맞춤형치료(adaptive radiotherapy)를 위한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2006

CT와 치료계획시스템 및 다엽콜리메이터(Multi Leaf Collimator, MLC)를 이용한 방사선 치료의 전 과정을 팬텀에 대해 재현해 봄으로써, 치료계획상의 표적과 조사빔의 일치 정도를 평가해 보았다. 이를 위해, CT 및 그 레이저 정렬을 위한 팬텀을 제작하였으며, 치료실의 레이저 정렬을 손쉽게 할 수 있는 방법을 고안하였다. 조사빔의 확인에는 필름을 이용하였고, 조사빔과 실제 표적위치 사이의 정량적인 분석은 자체 제작한 프로그램을 이용하였다. 표적과 빔 중심의 불일치 정도는 테이블 각도에 따라 차이가 있었으며 시험에 이용된 치료기의 경우, 테이블 각도 에서 최대 2.0 mm의 차이를 보였다. MLC field에 대해 Winston-Lutz 테스트를 시행하여 $295^{\circ}$얻은 isocenter를 기준으로 다시 시험한 결과는 측정한 모든 테이블 각도에서 1.35 mm 이하였다. 표적과 빔 중심의 차이에 관한 이러한 평가는 실제 환자의 치료 계획 설정에 유용하게 이용될 수 있다.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.153-169
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• 2018

Purpose Since human brains catch images faster than texts or numbers, infographics has been widely used in business in the form of "information dashboard" to enhance the efficiency of decision-making. Groupware, however, has neglected the adoption and use of infographics, in particular, in the idea generation process. Given that an overall performance of groupware-based idea generation is no better than that of the (paper-and-pencil-based) Nominal Group Technique, Jung et al. (2010) adopted the notion of infographics in the form of performance feedback to solve the productivity paradox. With the consistent results, which demonstrate beneficial effects of infographics on performance enhancement, an interesting observation that groups with the bar chart treatment performed better than groups with the dot chart treatment was made. The main purpose of this study was to find if there were a performance consistency between the outcomes from the previous study and the outcomes from the current study. Design/methodology/approach In experiment 1, we employed the same system used in the previous study (i.e., Jung et al., 2010). As individuals' contributions accumulated, the mechanism visually displayed individuals' performances two-dimensionally in the form of a bar chart or a dot chart. Then, we compared the performance outcomes from this study to the outcomes from previous study (i.e., Jung et al., 2010). In experiment 2, we modified the performance graph to test the effect of "playfulness" on performance by converting dots to car images. Then, we compared the performance outcome from experiment 2 to the outcomes from experiment 1. Findings Just like our interesting (and unexpected) finding in Jung et al.'s study (2010), the outcome confirmed a consistent superior performance of a bar chart. This implies that a bar chart is a better choice when stimulating performance with a visual aid in the context of groupware-based idea generation. Although a bar chart was criticized in a way that errors of length-area judgments are 40 ~ 250% greater than those of positional judgments along a common scale, such illusion turned out to be facilitating upward performance comparison better. Regarding Experiment 2, the outcome showed that the revised-dot graph is as good as the bar graph in terms of quantity and quality score of ideas. We attribute the performance enhancement of the resized-dot to the interaction between the motivational characteristic and the situational characteristic of playfulness because individuals in the revised-dot graph treatment performed better than individuals in the dot graph treatment. Given the order of performance (Bar >= Revised Dot > Dot) that the revised-dot treatment performed the same as (or lower than) the bar treatment, an additional research is warranted to reach to a consistent outcome.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.122-136
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• 1987

A group of studies revealed that family members of the seriously ill patient had some needs during the period of patient's hospitalization. Needs of the seriously-ill patient family could be classified into three aspect, i. e. needs on the prognosis of patient, needs on the well-being of family members themselves and needs on hospital environment. Several instrument were developed to measure the needs of the seriously ill patient, but their content tended to overemphasize the aspect of the prognosis of patient. The purpose of this study was to develop a new instrument to measure the needs in the aspect of the seriously ill patient's family themselves in details to increase the cummulative Percentage of the scale. Subjects were 134 family members of the seriously-ill patients, who were bung cared in ICU of seven university hospitals and data were collected from march 16, 1987 to April 11, 1987. The instrument used in this study was made by the author on the basis of results of literature review. Content valitity of the instrument was tested by a professor majoring in nursing and reliability by calculation of Cronbach's α with data of the respondents. Data was analyzed as follows, using SAS, computer system. Factor structures of the seriously ill patients' family needs were elicited by factor analysis. The programme was the Principal Component Factor Analysis Method of factoring employing Varimax Orthogonal Rotation. The influences of the demographic variables on the degree of the seriously-ill patients' family need were analyzed by t-test and P-test. Results were as follows. 1. Needs of the seriously-ill patients' family elicited and their cummulative percentage were: Needs to be supported emotionally, 29.2% Needs to be informed on facilities available, 9.6% Needs to be informed on the patient's prognosis, 7.7%. Needs to be supported spiritually, 5.1%. Needs to be informed on hospital environment, 4.2%. Needs to be helped to spare time, 3.9%. Needs to be informed on their role, 3.5%. Needs to be present near patient, 3.3%. 2. Educational background was found to influence on some factors. College-graduate group had higher Bevel of needs to be . informed on facilities available to be informed on the patient's prognosis, needs to be supported spiritually, needs to be helped to spare time, needs to be informed on their role than high school graduate group. 3. Among the parents, sons and daughters and the relative groups, the parents of the seriously ill patient had highest level of needs to be present near patient. Suggestions for further studies were as follows. 1. As the instruments used in the previous studies had high cummulative percentages in the aspect of the prognosis of patient and that in this study in the aspect of the prognosis of patient and that in this study in the aspect of the seriously ill patient's family themselves, development of a new instrument which combined the items of both of them is needed. 2. A study to clarify the influence of type and number of admission on need to be supported emotionally is needed.

• 치과방사선
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.279-290
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiographs and their digitized images for the detection of simulated interproximal carious lesions. A total of 240 interproximal surfaces was used in this study. The case sample was composed of 80 anterior teeth, 80 bicuspids and 80 molars which were prepared in order to distribute the surfaces from carious free to those containing simulated carious lesions of varying depths (0.5㎜, 0.8㎜, and 1.2㎜). The periapical radiographs were taken by paralleling technique and film used was Kodak Ektaspeed(E group). All radiographs were evaluated by five dentist to recognize the true status of simulated carious lesion. They were asked to give a score of 0, 1, 2, or 3. Digitized images were obtained using a commercial video processor(FOTOVIX Ⅱ- XS). And the computer system was 486 DX PC with PC Vision and frame grabber. The 17' display monitor had a resolution of 1280×1024 pixels(0.26㎜ dot pitch). But the one frame of the intraoral radiograph has a resolution of 700×480 pixels and each pixel has a grey level value of 256. All the radiographs and digital images were viewed under uniform subdued lighting in the same reading room. After a week the second interpretation was performed in the same condition. The detection of lesions on the monitor was compared with the finding of simulated interproximal carious lesions on the film images. The results were as follows: 1. When the scoring criteria was dichotomous ; lesion present and not present 1) The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of periapical radiographs and their digital images showed no statistically significant difference. 2) The sensitivity and specificity according to the region of teeth and the grade of lesions showed no statistically significant difference between periapical radiographs and their digital images. 2. When estimate the grade of lesions ; score 0, 1, 2, 3 1) The overall diagnostic accuracy was 53.3% on the intraoral films and 52.9% on digital images. There was no significant difference. 2) The diagnostic accuracy according to the region of teeth showed no statistically significant difference between periapical radiographs and their digital images. 3. The degree of agreement and reliability 1) Using gamma value to show the degree of agreement, there was similarity between periapical films and digital images. 2) The reliability of each twice interpretation of periapical films and digital images showed no statistically significant difference. In all cases P value was greater than 0.05, showing that both techniques can be used to detect the incipient and moderate interproximal carious lesions with similar accuracy.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.897-913
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• 2004

지금까지 국내에서는 도시하수, 공장폐수 등의 점오염원에 국한하여 수질관리를 시행하여 부분적으로 밖에 효과를 얻지 못하였다. 따라서 오염원에 대한 최적관리를 위해서는 유역의 토지특성 및 토양 형태에 따른 비점오염원에 대한 관리가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 특성별로 발생하는 오염원을 산정하기 위해 분포형 모형을 적용하였으며, 상세한 유역특성 자료를 구축하기 위해 GIS 기법을 응용하였다. 본 연구에서는 분포형 수질관리모형으로 연속 강우 사상에 대해 유역에서 발생하는 유출량 및 첨두유량, 유사량, 비점오염 부하량 등을 산정할 수 있는 AnnAGNPS 모형을 적용하였고, 모형내의 부모듈을 이용하여 입력자료를 생성 및 가공하여 적용하였다. 대상유역은 팔당호 유역권에 포함되는 복하천 유역을 선정하였으며, 1999년과 2000년 호우기의 각각 2개의 강우 사상을 적용하였다. 우선 강우시 유역에서 발생하는 유출량을 모의하고, 이를 복하교 지점의 실측유량자료와 비교, 보정하여 모형의 입력 매개변수를 조정하였으며, 이후 토사발생량과 오염부하량을 모의하였다 토사발생량의 경우는 실측값이 미비하여 비교분석은 못하였으나, 오염부하량의 경우 환경부에서 측정한 수질농도 자료를 이용하여 비교, 분석값을 제시하였다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.18-18
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• 2011

Climate change is impacting and will increasingly impact both the quantity and quality of the world's water resources in a variety of ways. In some areas warming climate results in increased rainfall, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge while in others there may be declines in all of these. Water quality is described by a number of variables. Some are directly impacted by climate change. Temperature is an obvious example. Notably, increased atmospheric concentrations of $CO_2$ triggering climate change increase the $CO_2$ dissolving into water. This has manifold consequences including decreased pH and increased alkalinity, with resultant increases in dissolved concentrations of the minerals in geologic materials contacted by such water. Climate change is also expected to increase the number and intensity of extreme climate events, with related hydrologic changes. A simple framework has been developed in New Zealand for assessing and predicting climate change impacts on water resources. Assessment is largely based on trend analysis of historic data using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method. Trend analysis requires long-term, regular monitoring data for both climate and hydrologic variables. Data quality is of primary importance and data gaps must be avoided. Quantitative prediction of climate change impacts on the quantity of water resources can be accomplished by computer modelling. This requires the serial coupling of various models. For example, regional downscaling of results from a world-wide general circulation model (GCM) can be used to forecast temperatures and precipitation for various emissions scenarios in specific catchments. Mechanistic or artificial intelligence modelling can then be used with these inputs to simulate climate change impacts over time, such as changes in streamflow, groundwater-surface water interactions, and changes in groundwater levels. The Waimea Plains catchment in New Zealand was selected for a test application of these assessment and prediction methods. This catchment is predicted to undergo relatively minor impacts due to climate change. All available climate and hydrologic databases were obtained and analyzed. These included climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and sunshine hours, evapotranspiration, humidity, and cloud cover) and hydrologic (streamflow and quality and groundwater levels and quality) records. Results varied but there were indications of atmospheric temperature increasing, rainfall decreasing, streamflow decreasing, and groundwater level decreasing trends. Artificial intelligence modelling was applied to predict water usage, rainfall recharge of groundwater, and upstream flow for two regionally downscaled climate change scenarios (A1B and A2). The AI methods used were multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with extended Kalman filtering (EKF), genetic programming (GP), and a dynamic neuro-fuzzy local modelling system (DNFLMS), respectively. These were then used as inputs to a mechanistic groundwater flow-surface water interaction model (MODFLOW). A DNFLMS was also used to simulate downstream flow and groundwater levels for comparison with MODFLOW outputs. MODFLOW and DNFLMS outputs were consistent. They indicated declines in streamflow on the order of 21 to 23% for MODFLOW and DNFLMS (A1B scenario), respectively, and 27% in both cases for the A2 scenario under severe drought conditions by 2058-2059, with little if any change in groundwater levels.

• 폴리머
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2014

일반사출성형은 공정 중 보압단계에서 캐비티에 높은 압력이 작용하여 성형품에 큰 잔류응력이 남게 된다. 또한 캐비티 내 위치 별로 압력분포가 달라 균일한 물성의 제품을 얻는데 한계가 있다. 다수 개 빼기 일반사출성형에서는 캐비티간 충전 불균형이 일어나 캐비티간 품질의 편차를 일으킨다. 이와 같은 한계를 극복하기 위해 사출압축성형 공정을 사용하는 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 다수 개 캐비티를 갖는 금형을 이용하여 일반사출성형과 사출압축성형을 비교 분석하였다. 실험과 해석을 통하여 연구를 수행하였으며 투명한 수지인 PC와 PS를 이용하여 시편에 나타나는 복굴절을 관찰하여 일반사출성형과 사출압축성형에서 나타나는 성형특성을 비교하였다. 연구결과, 사출 압축성형으로 제작된 시편에서 캐비티 내의 압력이 균일하여 복굴절과 성형수축률이 낮고 균일하게 나타났다. 그리고 일반사출성형에서 나타나는 캐비티간 충전 불균형에 의한 캐비티간 물성의 편차가 사출압축성형에서는 크게 줄어들었다. 본 연구를 통하여 사출압축성형은 다수 개 빼기 사출성형에서 캐비티 내 균일한 물성확보뿐만 아니라 캐비티간 품질 불균형을 해소하는데 유용함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제31권5B호
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• pp.449-455
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• 2006

멀티미디어 응용의 발달과 통합형 인터넷 서비스가 등장함에 따라, 광 가입자 망에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히, Ethernet Passive Optical Network(EPON)은 경제성과 더불어 높은 대역폭 제공으로 인해 많은 관심을 받고 있다. EPON 시스템에서의 데이터 전송은 OLT(Optical Line Terminal) 가 ONU(Optical Networks Units)에게 데이터를 전송하는 하향 전송과 ONU가 OLT에게 데이터를 전송하는 상향 전송, 두 가지 방식으로 이루어져 있다. 하향 전송의 경우 모든 ONU들에게 데이터를 브로드캐스트 방식으로 전송한다. 반면 상향 전송의 경우 OLT와 ONU가 점대점 형식으로 연결되어 데이터를 전송하는데, 이때 하나의 상향 링크를 다수의 ONU가 TDMA 기반으로 공유하여 사용한다. 이러한 상향 전송에서의 대역 할당 알고리즘은 효율적인 대역폭 관리를 위해 반드시 필요하다. Limited 방식은 상향 전송에 있어서 효율적인 대역폭 할당을 위해 제안되었다. 본 논문에서는 기존 Limited 방식의 단점을 보완한 적응적 Limited 방식을 제안한다. 적응적 Limited 방식은 보다 탄력적인 대역할당이 가능하고, 패킷 지연 기반의 공평성을 제공한다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 적응적 Limited 방식이 기존 Limited 방식보다 더욱 탄력적인 대역폭 할당이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 패킷 지연 기반의 공평성 유지 및 요구 기반의 대역폭 할당 공평성이 우수하게 유지됨을 확인할 수 있었다.