• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.184-196
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the degree of discomfort and to identify factors related with discomfort in patients wearing thigh-length compression stockings after orthopedic surgery. Methods: The participants were 105 patients wearing thigh-length compression stockings after orthopedic surgery at two hospitals in B city. Data were collected by the scale of discomfort in wearing compression stockings from July 5 to October 20, 2011. Results: Mean score of discomfort on wearing compression stockings was significantly higher at post-op. day 3 than day 1 (t=-2.30, p=.004). Discomfort scores for 'itching skin' and 'tightened leg' items were higher than others. There was significant difference in discomfort at post-op. day 1 according to surgical regions. The total score of discomfort at post-op. day 3 was positively related with the body mass index (r=.20, p=.041). Conclusion: Wearing thigh-length compression stockings to prevent deep vein thrombosis may cause physical and psychological discomfort for orthopedic surgical patients. To reduce discomfort in wearing compression stockings, nurses need to intervene discomfort and problems related to the stockings post-operatively.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.860-874
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• 2012

This study provides size information on current imported medical compression stockings in Korea. A total 20 brands from 6 countries imported and sold in the Korean on-off line markets were selected for this study and the sizing system of medical compression stockings was researched. The results of this study were as follows: there were size differences among different USA brands according to product type or compression class of medical compression stockings. To establish the sizing system for medical stockings of the German brands, the basic body measurements standard was set as cA, cY, cB, cB, cC, cD, cE, cF, cG, cH, cT, lD, lG, and lT. Italian brands developed the sizing system for medical compression stockings by compression class. In the Swiss brands, size types were sub-divided as 'Normal', 'Plus', 'Short', and 'Long'. The sizing 1 were confined within very narrow limits. There were differences of the basic body measurements between Taiwan brands. The results of the comparison of the size range of the imported brands with Size Korea (KATS, 2010) by two-way size distribution shows that the sizing systems of the imported brands were unsuitable for Koreans. To enhance the suitability of the sizing system for medical compression stockings, a new sizing system for Korean adult males and females needs to be established.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to suggest the sizing system of medical compression stockings for Korean adult men in order to develop compression stockings with excellent dimensional fit reflecting the real human body data. Analyses were conducted on the raw data that the subjects consist of 19~60 aged men of Size Korea 2010 in this study. The stature and weight for the pantyhose stockings, and the ankle circumference and calf circumference for the thighs, knees, and calf support types of stockings were selected as the basic dimension items. The size interval of the pantyhose stockings were 2cm in stature and 2kg in weight. In addition, the thigh, knee, and calf support types of stockings were set with ankle circumference and calf circumference set at 1cm intervals. The designation is the same as KS pantyhose standard, S, M, L, XL. As a result, in the case of pantyhose compression stockings for men, the coverage ratio showed 97.2% in total, with 46.3% for M, 36.5% for L, 7.4% for S, and 6.9% for XL. In the case of thigh type, knee type and calf support types, the percentage of coverage was 99.96% in total, with 57.6% in M, 31.1% in L, 4.7% in S, and 1.6% in XL. The results of this study would help to improve the dimensional conformity of the medical compression stockings for Korean adult men.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2012

This study provides product survey data for the development of medical compression stockings. An investigation analyzed imported medical compression stockings of 40 brands from 6 countries sold in the Korean market, such as Jobst$^{(R)}$, Therafirm$^{(R)}$, Rxtar$^{(R)}$, Varicoin$^{(R)}$, and Sheer&Soft (USA), Sigvaris Venosan$^{(R)}$ 4000 (Switzerland), Best$^{(R)}$ and Segreta$^{(R)}$ (Italy), Venex$^{(R)}$, Star cotton, Doktus$^{(R)}$, Maxis$^{(R)}$, Maxis$^{(R)}$ Cotton, Lastofa$^{(R)}$, and Memory Aloe Vera (Germany), and Gunze (Japan), Venos and Yolanda (Taiwan). The main fibers of compression stockings were nylon and spandex; in addition, the fiber content was different by country and brand. The number of compression classes of imported products was USA (5), Italy (5), Germany (4), Switzerland (3), Japan (3), and Taiwan (3). For basic body measurements, USA and Swiss brands used ankle circumference, calf circumference, thigh circumference, calf length, and thigh length. Italian brands used height and weight, and Japanese brands used height and hip circumference. German brands used subdivided circumferences such as ankle circumference, calf circumference, knee circumference, middle thigh circumference, and thigh circumference.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of the application of ankle pumping exercise versus elastic compression stockings for the women lower leg edema and pain due to continuous standing work. Methods: The participants were 20 women with leg edema and pain, divided into two group, 10 ankle exercise group and elastic compression stockings group. Low leg circumference were measured before and after work. Ankle pumping exercise group, elastic compression stockings were divided into groups, individual working one week during the arbitration to arbitration and work around the legs before and after retesting were compared before and after arbitration. Arbitration to stop and keep the information a week after the re-measurement of intervention before and after the arbitration and the degree of intervention were maintained. Statistical methods before and after working around the average value of each the legs was repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The participants had edema and leg problems because of their work. The ankle pumping exercise gorup and elastic compression stockings group showed statistically decrease in leg circumference value. there was no statistically value about the lasting effect of intervention after 1 week. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the application of elastic compression stockings and ankle pumping exercises during the hours of work is effective the relief of edema of lower extremity.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.675-682
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was performed to characterize edema of the lower extremities that occurs among hygienists during working hours, and to determine the effects of the use of elastic compression stockings. Methods: The study subjects were 40 dental hygienists working at a dental hospital in Daegu. Symptoms of edema of the lower extremities during working hours were characterized by measurement of calf and ankle circumference. Results: Calf and ankle circumference increased during working hours. The use of elastic compression stockings reduced edema of the lower extremities during working hours. Conclusions: Use of elastic compression stockings can reduce levels of lower extremity edema among dental hygienists.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.759-767
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• 2017

This study investigates the improvement of domestic compression stockings by comparing and analyzing the characteristics of materials and fabrics of medical compression stockings developed in Korea and domestic imported compression stockings. Among imported compression stockings currently available in Korea, three brands with high sales rates are selected by countries (USA, Italy, and Germany) to measure the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Medical compression stockings to be analyzed were selected as M size pantyhose included in 20-30mmHg. As a result, the tensile elongation of medical compression stockings selected in this study was the highest in Korean products in the ankle, while the highest in the US was in the thigh, and the elasticity of Italian products was low. The recovery rate of the kidneys was similar for all four ankles. The ankle weight was the highest except for Korean products that showed the highest weight of the thigh and difference from products of other countries. US product also showed high shape stability due to high recovery of tensile strength from high value RT. Italian products showed low banding and shear values; however, shape stability was poor with good drapeability. In Germany, LT and RT values were low, but clothing comfort was considered excellent. In Korea, LT and RT values, banding and shear characteristics were high, and drapeability was poor. Stiffness was good, but recoverability was excellent.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1060-1074
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• 2013

This study measured and analyzed pressure at each measurement part of imported compression stockings sold in Korea to provide basic information to establish a pressure standard and grade ranking. This study used 40 medical compression stockings imported from 6 countries. Pressure measurements were taken at 11 points: front side and back side of ankle, end-point of the gastrocnemius muscle, front, inner side, back, and outer side of calf, back side of below knew girth, inner side, and outer side of mid-thigh girth, and inner side of thigh girth. AMI 3037-10 and AMI 3037-2 were used for measurements taken inside an environmental chamber at a temperature of $21^{\circ}C$ and a relative humidity (RH) of 65%. For the measurements, 11 air pack sensors were attached to a wooden model leg (Hohenstein) and three measurements were taken at each measurement point in three minutes. The average of these measurements was used for analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. As for the front side of the ankle, of the 40 products, 14 products (6 USA, 2 Swiss, 3 Italian, and 2 Taiwanese) were within the pressure range indicated on the product label; however, no German products fell within the pressure range. A total of 8 products (5 USA, 1 Swiss, 1 Italian, and 1 German) were gradient compression type; however, no Japanese or Taiwanese product were of this type. The majority of products had the highest pressure at the end-point of the gastrocnemius muscle. Only 3 products, 1 USA (Jobst Opaque 30-40mmHg), 1 Swiss (Sigvaris Cotton 34-46mmHg) and 1 Italian (Jobstocking 25-32mmHg), had measurements that met the indicated standard pressure, were a gradient compression type, and met the overall standard for compression stockings.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2019

하지정맥류 발생을 억제하기 위한 방법으로 압박스타킹 착용이 폭넓게 이용되고 있지만, 압박스타킹 착용으로 인한 인체의 생리지표에 어떤 영향을 줄 수 있는지는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 압박스타킹을 장시간 착용할 경우 어떤 생리적 지표가 변화될 수 있는지 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 압박스타킹 착용으로 인해 변화될 수 있을 것으로 예측되는 생리지표인 혈압, 심전도, 발목 상완지수, 근전도를 측정하였다. 압박스타킹은 시중에서 구입할 수 있는 20~30 mmHg 정도의 압력을 가진 것으로 종아리를 덮는 형태의 것을 사용하였다. 6명의 20 초반 성인이 한쪽 다리에만 7일간 착용을 하였고, 실험 기간 중 몸을 씻기 위해 벗는 것을 제외하고는 늘 착용한 상태에서 일상생활을 하였다. 실험을 시작하기 직전, 3일째 되는 날, 7일째 되는 날에 혈압, 심전도, 근전도, 발목상완지수의 변화를 압박스타킹을 착용한 다리와 착용하지 않은 다리에서 각각 측정하였다. 측정한 결과 착용한 다리의 앞정강이근과 장딴지근에서 근전도의 증가가 나타났으며 다른 생리지표는 변화가 없었다. 근전도의 증가는 시간이 길어질수록 이에 비례하여 증가하였다. 압박스타킹을 착용하지 않은 다리에서는 시간이 지남에 따라 오히려 근전도가 감소하는 결과가 나타났다. 근전도 감소 역시 시간이 길어질수록 감소폭이 커졌다. 즉 이번 실험은 압박스타킹의 착용이 해당 근육의 근전도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 나타내고, 착용하지 않은 부위에서 의도치 않은 근전도의 감소를 일으킬 수 있음을 나타낸다. 이번 연구에서는 압박스타킹의 장시간 착용에 따른 생리적 변화에 대한 결과를 알아봄으로써 올바른 사용에 대한 정보를 제공하고 착용에 따른 위험요소를 알아 볼 수 있는 결과를 제공한다.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2006

The beneficial effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) in prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders of human lower extremity have been recognized. However, their pressure functional performances are variable and unstable in practical applications, and the exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. Direct surface pressure measurements and indirect material properties testing are not enough for fully understanding the interaction between stocking and leg. A three dimensional (3D) biomechanical mathematical model for numerically simulating the interaction between leg and GCS in dynamic wear was developed based on the actual geometry of the female leg obtained from 3D reconstruction of MR images and the real size and mechanical properties of the compression stocking prototype. The biomechanical solid leg model consists of bones and soft tissues, and an orthotropic shell model is built for the stocking hose. The dynamic putting-on process is simulated by defining the contact of finite relative sliding between the two objects. The surface pressure magnitude and distribution along the different height levels of the leg and stress profiles of stockings were simulated. As well, their dynamic alterations with time processing were quantitatively analyzed. Through validation, the simulated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, and the simulated pressure gradient distribution from the ankle to the thigh (100:67:30) accorded with the advised criterion by the European committee for standardization. The developed model can be used to predict and visualize the dynamic pressure and stress performances exerted by compression stocking in wear, and to optimize the material mechanical properties in stocking design, thus, helping us understand mechanisms of compression action and improving medical functions of GCS.