• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 1999

A biofilter was established to remove the ammonia, which is representative nitrogen-contained malodorous gas. in a compost factory. Removal efficiency of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide also was investigated. A quantity of malodor gas produced in a compost factory was affected greatly by the weather. compost states and working condition of a fertilizing mixer, and the produced gas concentrations doubled by above various parameters. By operating a water scrubbing system for removing water-soluble malodorous gases effectively. we could improve the removal efficiency over three times. We investigated long-term stability of biofilter under continuous gas flow(SV=500h-1) for 100 days. The results showed 30 days of microbial retention time. After the days, deodorization efficiency of biofilter was kept steady state. and the removal efficiency was kept over 95% for ammonia and 97% for hydrogen so]fide. respectively. The electric consumption of the biofilter, which could treat malodorous gas of 100$\textrm{m}^3$/min, applied in the compost factory was evaluated about 80u0day and water consumption was 80~100$\ell$/day. These results concluded that the biofilter is a excellent deodorization technology as well as cost-effective for removing malodorous gas produced in a compost factory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.119-130
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to analyze an availability of green roof soil based on the bottom ash soil and compost using sludge derived from food factory as comparing and analysing the growth of native plants. Analysing the physical properties and chemical resistance of 12 different type mixing soils which is mainly used in green roof, selected 4 types of soil, experiments were conducted to compare plant growth. The growth status of the plant showed the most superior of the soil 13(control), next soil 9(Pearlite : Bottom Ash : Compost = 20 : 60 : 20) and soil 10(Pearlite : Zeolite : Compost = 60 : 20 : 20) This result showed that native plants grow well in the soil based on the bottom ash and compost using sludge derived from food factory, and this soil type is determined that is available the green roof soil.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

In order to find out an alternative way of analysis of food waste compost, the Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy(NIRS) was used for the compost assessment because the technics has been known as non-detructive, cost-effective and rapid method. One hundred thirty six compost samples were collected from Incheon food waste compost factory at Namdong Indurial Complex. The samples were analyzed for nitrogen, organic matter (OM), ash, P, and K using Kjedahl, ignition method, and acid extraction with spectrophotometer, respectively. The samples were scanned using FOSS NIRSystem of Model 6500 scanning mono-chromator with wavelength from $400\~2,400nm$ at 2nm interval. Modified partial Least Squares(MPLS) was applied to develop the most reliable calibration model between NIR spectra and sample components such as nitrogen, ash, OM, P, and K. The regression was validated using validation set(n=30). Multiple correlation coefficient($R^2$) and standard error of prediction(SEP) for nitrogen, ash, organic matter, OM/N ratio, P and K were 0.87, 0.06, 0.72, 1.07, 0.68, 1.05, 0.89, 0.31, 0.77, 0.06, and 0.64, 0.07, respectively. The results of this experiment indicates that NIRS is reliable analytical method to assess some components of feed waste compost, also suggests that feasibility of NIRS can be Justified in case of various sample collection around the year.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2017

The consumption of KimChi, which Korean are a favorite food, has dramatically increased by changes of life style and waste as by-products in KimChi factory. This study was conducted to evaluate an effect of compost of caster oil cake (COC) mixed with waste from KimChi factory (KWF) and its growth effect of lettuce. Treatments were consisted of 4 treatments as COC compost (60% COC+40% sawdust) as control, control+35% KWF (K-1), control+50% KWF (K-2), and control+65% KWF (K-3). Temperature, pH, O.M. and microbial phase of COC composts blended various ratios of KWF or free were unaffected. It was appeared that nitrogen content of KWF treatments was higher, but the ratio of organic matter and nitrogen was lower than the control. Although KWF treatments were acceptable compost under the guideline of Korean, NaCl content of K-3 was 1.91%, and it was very higher than that of others. In comparison with fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce, K-1 and K-3 were similar to control. These results indicated that the waste from KimChi factory was possible to use the composting raw blended materials below 35% mixtures.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of Kimchi factory waste (KFW) as bulking agent on physicochemical properties of cow manure (CM) composting and of its application on lettuce growth. Treatments were designed as follows; CM compost [65 % CM + 35 % sawdust (SD); control], KFW 5 % (65 % CM + 30 % SD + 5 % KFW), KFW 10 % (65 % CM + 25 % SD + 10 % KFW) and KFW 15 % (65 % CM + 20 % SD + 15 % KFW). After composting for 25 days, temperature of KFW treatments was lower than that of control. As compared with control, water content of KFW 15 % treatment was low about $5^{\circ}C$, and content of organic matter (O.M.) and nitrogen (N) was higher. pH and O.M./N ratio of KFW treatments or control were unaffected. In comparison with germination index (G.I.), G.I.s of KFW treatments were more than 70 on 25 days and G.I. of control on 35 days. As applied with KFW composts in lettuce, dry weight of KFW 10 % and KFW 15 % were increased by 84 % and 67 %, respectively, than that of control. These results indicated that Kimchi factory waste was possible to use as the compost law materials in livestock manure composting and to replace some sawdust as bulking agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.72-80
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is as follows : Finding a solution for fresh wood chips to be used as an alternative growing-media through a study of the formation method of a compost base that is applicable on both construction site and composting factory to ferment fresh wood chips produced from construction site as well as a study on adjuvant or secondary materials. The result from the experiment plot using wood chips sized 50mm or less, manure and fertilizer mixed manure as a source of nitrogen to compost fresh wood chips has shown that the temperatures 9days and 3days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $49.0^{\circ}C$ and $40.4^{\circ}C$ respectively, the heating duration was 7days and 4days respectively, and the C/N ratio was 26.5 and 25.3, each satisfying the standard for composted manure (25.0~40.0). Also, the other result from another experiment plot using mixture of sandy soil and microorganism as an inoculation source of microorganism has shown that the temperature 10days after the beginning of the experiment reached to $67.6^{\circ}C$ and lasted 16days. The experiment plot using sandy soil has shown the highest figure of $5.3{\sim}108$ CFU/g in terms of number of microorganism. The result from the experiment plots for on-site composting of fresh wood chips have shown that the experiment plot that used sandy soil with fertilizer due to supply restriction of manure as a nitrogen source in construction site reached the high temperature of $54.7^{\circ}C$ after 3days of experiment beginning and maintained heating state for 17days and reached 30.6 of C/N ratio, satisfying the standard for composted manure.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.95-111
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• 2004

This research sought to determine the status of the installation and operation of composting facilities of domestic public resource-making facilities and come up with corresponding improvement measures. The composting facilities were the most extensively installed of related facilities with over a 0.5 ton treated volume per day. The monthly and yearly carry-in volume of food waste were found to stand at 1,101.7 tons per day and 930.9 tons per day, thus falling short of the average planned volume of 1,270.9 tons. Many composting facilities, which were installed in areas for which factory registration were not approved, did not get approvals. Composting facilities underwent operation stoppage mainly due to faulty fermentation and crushing equipment. Mainly metals contained in food waste caused faults to the crushing equipment, thus requiring a facility designing against faults and corrosion. The initial water content was found to stand at 50-60%, thus complying with the requirement. However, since the composting food waste had an appropriate mixture of sawdust, food waste, and returned compost, it should meet the initial conditions. For fermentation facilities, the duration time for fermentation was 15 days, and post-fermentation tanks required 21 days of duration time, thus establishing the minimum criteria. However, some facilities did not meet the requirements, taking more time in decomposition, thus suggesting a need to determine the duration time according to facilities. In composting food waste, microorganism-based thermal oxidizer-operated fermentation tanks should be used to ensure an economic operation. On the contrary, 14 out of 25 survey targets heated fermentation tanks in any form. These thermal facilities contain the growth of bacteria, lowering chemical reaction in composting; thus composting facilities should be basically designed to use microorganism-based thermal oxidizers in drying water. An average daily volume of food waste and supplementary materials that was injected in producing compost was 22.8 tons. This volume produced 7.3 tons of compost per day, decreasing 68%. Properties of produced compost were analyzed by its color, absence or presence of remaining decomposition heat, and smell, to assess the quality. As a result, the composting process was not properly installed nor operated in about 50% of composting facilities. Compost should be produced to be soil-friendly.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 1995

This paper studied production characteristics of organic farming products and analyzed management income and production cost of organic farming(rice). In order to analyze these points actually, this study was focused on pruduction activities of a producers' organization, Pulmoo Cooperatives in Hong-Dong Myun, Hong-Seong Region, Chung Nam Province. So the following results were obtained : In 1994, output level and an income rate of rice per unit area(10a) which was produced in organic farming method(O.F.M) was higher than those of general farming method(G.F.M) as about 5%, 7.4%. And management income size of the former was 1.8 times as large as that of the latter. But rice production cost of O.F.M was 1.93 times as much as that of G.F.M, particularily in labor cost and farming equipment cost, light and heat expenses, many other material costs. For the progress of organic farming O.F.M and equipmets should be developed much more, for example, the technics of prevetion against damages by blight and harmful insects and improvement of varieties, natural pesticides, agricultual application of microorganisim, construction of compost heat factory, etc. Since these technics and establishments have taken on the public goods, the development of those should be supported by government.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.391-396
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• 2010

In this research the characteristics of ammonia removal from malodorous waste-air were investigated under various operating condition of biofiilter packed with equal volume of rubber media and compost for the efficient removal of ammonia, representative source of malodor frequently generated at compost manufacturing factory and publicly owned facilities. Then the optimum conditions were constructed to treat waste-air containing ammonia with biofilter. Biofilter was run for 30 days(experimental frequency of 2 times/day makes 60 experimental times.) with the ammonia loading from $2.18g-N/m^3/h$ to $70g-N/m^3/h$ at $30^{\circ}C$. The ammonia removal efficiency reached almost 100% for I through IV stage of run to degrade up to the ammonia loading of $17g-N/m^3/h$. However the removal efficiency dropped to 80% when ammonia loading increased to $35g-N/m^3/h$, which makes the elimination capacity of ammonia $28g-N/m^3/h$ for V stage of run. However, the removal efficiency remained 80% and the maximum elimination capacity reached $55g-N/m^3/h$ when ammonia loading was doubled $70g-N/m^3/h$ for VI stage of run. Thus the maximum elimination capacity exceeded $1,200g-N/m^3/day$(i.e., $50g-N/m^3/h$) of the experiment of biofilter packed with rock wool inoculated with night soil sludge by Kim et al.. However, the critical loading did not exceed $810g-N/m^3/day$ (i.e., $33.75g-N/m^3/h$) of the biofilter experiment by Kim et al.. The reason to exceed the maximum elimination capacity of Kim et al. may be attributed to that the rubber media used as biofilter packing material provide the better environment for the fixation of nitrifying and denitrification bacteria to its surface coated with coconut based-activated carbon powder and well-developed inner-pores, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2010

In this research hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and toluene were designated as the representative source of malodor and VOC, respectively, frequently generated at the compost manufacturing factory and publicly owned facilities. The optimum operating condition to treat the waste air(2 L/min) containing malodor was constructed using photocatalytic reactor/biofilter process with humidifier composed of fluidized aerobic anf anoxic reactor. The ammonia(300 ppmv) of fed-waste air was removed by 22, 55 and 23% at the stage of photocatalytic reactor, humidifier and biofilter, respectively. The toluene(100 ppmv) of fed-waste air was removed by 20, 10 and 70% at the stage of photocatalytic reactor, humidifier and biofilter, respectively. Therefore the water-soluble ammonia and the water-insoluble toluene were treated mainly at the stage of humidifier and biofilter, respectively. In addition, hydrogen sulfide(10 ppmv) was almost treated at the stage of photocatalytic reactor and its negligible trace was absorbed in humidifier so that it was not detected before biofilter process. The nitrate concentration of the process water from anoxic reactor was found lower by 3 ppm than that from fluidized aerobic reactor. Besides, the dissolved ammonia-nitrogen concentration of the process water from humidifier remained at the high value of 1,500-2,000 ppm, which may be attributed to the existence of ammonium chloride and other source of ammonium nitrogen.