• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.707-720
• /
• 2022

In the present work, bending and free vibration analyses of multilayered functionally graded (FG) graphene platelet (GPL) and fiber-reinforced hybrid composite beams are carried out using the parabolic function based shear deformation theory. Parabolic variation of transverse shear stress across the thickness of beam and transverse shear stress-free conditions at top and bottom surfaces of the beam are considered, and the proposed formulation incorporates a transverse displacement field. The present theory works only with four unknowns and is computationally efficient. Hamilton's principle has been employed for deriving the governing equations. Analytical solutions are obtained for both the bending and free vibration problems in the present work considering different variations of GPLs and fibers distribution, namely, FG-X, FG-U, FG-Λ, and FG-O for beams having simply-supported boundary condition. First, the matrix is assumed to be strengthened using GPLs, and then the fibers are embedded. Multiscale modeling for material properties of functionally graded graphene platelet/fiber hybrid composites (FG-GPL/FHRC) is performed using Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model. The study reveals that the distributions of GPLs and fibers have significant impacts on the stresses, deflections, and natural frequencies of the beam. The number of layers and shape factors widely affect the behavior of FG-GPL-FHRC beams. The multilayered FG-GPL-FHRC beams turn out to be a good approximation to the FG beams without exhibiting the stress-channeling effects.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.173-188
• /
• 2022

In modern buildings, glass is considered a structurally unsafe material due to its brittleness and unpredictable failure behavior. The possible use of structural glass elements (i.e., floors, beams and columns) is generally prevented by its poor tensile strength and a frequent occurrence of brittle failures. In this study an innovative modelling based on an equivalent thickness concept of laminated glass beam reinforced with FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composite material and of glass plates punched is presented. In particular, the novel numerical modelling applied to an embedding Carbon FRP-rod in the interlayer of a laminated structural glass beam is considered in order to increase both its failure strength, together with its post-failure strength and ductility. The proposed equivalent modelling of different specimens enables us to carefully evaluate the effects of this reinforcement. Both the responses of the reinforced beam and un-reinforced one are evaluated, and the corresponding results are compared and discussed. A novel equivalent modelling for reinforced glass beams using FRP composites is presented for FEM analyses in modern material components and proved estimations of the expected performance are provided. Moreover, the new suggested numerical analysis is also applied to laminated glass plates with wide holes at both ends for the technological reasons necessary to connect a glass beam to a structure. Obtained results are compared with an integer specimen. Experimental considerations are reported.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.565-575
• /
• 2023

This study represents a numerical research in vibration and buckling of functionally graded material (FGM) beam comprising edge crack by using finite element method (FEM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). It is assumed that the material properties change only according to the exponential distributions along the beam thickness. FEM and MLP solutions of the natural frequencies and critical buckling load are obtained of the cracked FGM beam for clamped-free (C-F), hinged-hinged (H-H), and clamped-clamped (C-C) boundary conditions. Numerical results are obtained to show the effects of crack location (c/L), material properties (E₂/E₁), slenderness ratio (L/h) and end supports on the bending vibration and buckling properties of cracked FGM beam. The FEM analysis used in this paper was verified with the literature, and the fundamental frequency ratio ($\overline{P_{cr}}$) and critical buckling load ratio ($\overline{{\omega}}$) results obtained were compared with FEM and MLP. The results obtained are quite compatible with each other.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2019

U-형 복합보는 공작물 주차장으로 사용하기 위한 목적으로 개발되었다. 복합보를 공작물로 적용할 때, 가장 우선적으로 고려하여야 할 사항은 낮은 층고와 장경간이다. 또한, 철근 콘크리트 및 강구조가 혼합된 구조이기 때문에 일체성을 확보하고, 소요강도 이상의 구조성능을 확보하여야 한다. 본 연구는 철근 콘크리트 슬래브와 U-형 강판으로 이루어진 복합보의 구조성능을 파악하기 위한 것이다. 복합보의 구조성능을 파악하기 위해 주차장용으로 사용되는 일반적인 U-형 복합보를 기준실험체로 설정하고, 기준실험체 대비 하중방향, U-형 복합보의 춤 및 폭을 변화시킨 실험체를 제작하여 실험을 실시하였다. 실험체 지점간 거리는 4.5m 이며, 하중은 순수 휨구간이 1.5m가 되도록 중앙부 2점가력 하였다. 이론값 산정을 위해 U-형 중앙부의 철근, 강재, 콘크리트 등에 변형게이지를 부착하였으며, 하중점 및 측면에 변위계를 설치하였다. 실험결과, 주차장용으로 계획된 기준실험체의 초기 항복강도는 U-형 강재 밑면에서 처음 발생되었다. 항복강도 이후에는 U-형 강재의 항복구간이 점점 확대되면서 최대강도에 도달되었으며, 최대강도 이후에는 RC 슬래브 콘크리트가 압괴되면서 최종파괴 되었다. 춤을 증가시킨 실험체의 구조성능은 기준실험체와 비교하여 강도 및 연성이 매우 향상된 것을 알 수 있다. 또한, 하중방향에 따른 저항 성능은 부가력으로 가력했을 때 휨성능은 저하되나 연성거동은 증가하므로 휨성능 및 연성을 고려한 설계가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.263-275
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 SRC 기둥-H형단면과 U형단면으로 구성된 합성보 접합부에 관해서 반복가력실험을 실시하였다. 합성보에 관한 핵심요소는 H형단면과 U형단면 간 용접접합부의 구조적 성능이다. 이 두 부재 접합부의 성능을 향상시키기 위해서는 수직스티프너와 사다리꼴 스티프너가 필요하다. 접합부의 반복적인 성능을 평가하기 위해서 5개의 실대형 실험체를 계획하였으며, 실험변수는 H형단면의 크기($H-500{\times}200{\times}10{\times}16$, $H-600{\times}200{\times}11{\times}17$), 스티프너와 상부근의 유무 및 용접접근공(WAH)의 유무 등이다. 실험결과, H-500 시리즈 및 H-600 시리즈 보가 있는 실험체의 회전각은 각각 4%와 3%로 나타났으며, 이는 특수모멘트골조와 중간모멘트골조에 요구되는 값이다. 실험결과는 스티프너와 상부근이 있는 실험체의 변형능력이 그렇지 않은 실험체에 비해서 우수한 결과를 보였다. 끝으로, 실험체의 에너지소산능력과 변형도 분포를 요약하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.455-461
• /
• 2005

This research studied robust design of composite hand for LTR (LCD glass Transfer Robot). $1^{st}$ DOE (Design of Experiment) was conducted to find out vital few Xs. 108 experiments were performed and their results were statistically analyzed. Pareto chart analysis shows that the geometric parameters (height and width of composite beam) are more important than material parameters $(E_{1},\;E_{2})$ or stacking sequence angle. Also, the stacking sequence of mid-layer is more important than that of outer-layer. The main effect plots shows that the maximum deflection of LTR hand is minimized with increasing height, width of beam and layer thickness. $2^{nd}$ DOE was conducted to obtain RSM (Response Surface Method) equation. 25 experiments were conducted. The CCD (Central Composite Design) technique with four factors was used. The coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ for the calculated RSM equation was 0.989. Optimum design was conducted using the RSM equation. Multi-island genetic algorithm was used to optimum design. Optimum values for beam height, beam width, layer thickness and beam length were 24.9mm, 186.6mnL 0.15mm and 2402.4mm respectively. An approximate value of 0.77mm in deflection was expected to be a maximum under the optimum conditions. Six sigma robust design was conducted to find out guideline for control range of design parameter. To acquire six sigma level reliability, the standard deviation of design parameter should be con trolled within $2{\%}$ of average design value

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.499-509
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the degradation law of stiffness of steel-concrete composite beams after certain fatigue loads. First, six test beams with stud connectors were designed and fabricated for static and fatigue tests. The resultant failure modes under different fatigue loading cycles were compared. And an analysis was performed for the variations in the load-deflection curves, residual deflections and relative slips of the composite beams during fatigue loading. Then, the correlations among the stiffness degradation of each test beam, the residual deflection and relative slip growth during the fatigue test were investigated, in order to clarify the primary reasons for the stiffness degradation of the composite beams. Finally, based on the stiffness degradation function under fatigue loading, a calculation model for the residual stiffness of composite beams in response to fatigue loading cycles was established by parameter fitting. The results show that the stiffness of composite beams undergoes irreversible degradation under fatigue loading. And stiffness degradation is associated with the macrobehavior of material fatigue damage and shear connection degradation. In addition, the stiffness degradation of the composite beams exhibit S-shaped monotonic decreasing trends with fatigue cycles. The general agreement between the calculation model and experiment shows good applicability of the proposed model for specific beam size and fatigue load parameters. Moreover, the research results provide a method for establishing a stiffness degradation model for composite beams after fatigue loading.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.251-263
• /
• 2024

This article investigates the free vibration behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) beams embedded using variational analytical methods and artificial neural networks (ANN). The material properties of layered functionally graded CNTRC (FG-CNTRC) beams are estimated using nonlocal parameters modified power-law with different types of CNT distributions through the thickness direction of the beam. Adopting Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory to capture the small size effects, the nonlocal governing equations are derived and solved using the analytical method. And also, the problem was analyzed using the ANN method. The architecture of the proposed ANN model is 3-9-1. In the experiments, we used 112 different data to predict the natural frequency using ANN. Based on the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen, the equations of motion as well as the boundary conditions of the beam are derived using Hamilton's principle. The classical beam theory is used to formulate a governing equation for predicting the free vibration of laminated CNTRC beams. According to the experimental results, the prediction ability of the ANN model is very good and the natural frequency can be predicted in ANN without attempting any experiments.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.1279-1298
• /
• 2015

In this paper, free vibration characteristics of a rotating double tapered functionally graded beam is investigated. Material properties of the beam vary continuously through thickness direction according to the power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The governing differential equations of motion are derived using the Hamilton's principle and solved utilizing an efficient and semi-analytical technique called the Differential Transform Method (DTM). Several important aspects such as taper ratios, rotational speed, hub radius, as well as the material volume fraction index which have impacts on natural frequencies of such beams are investigated and discussed in detail. Numerical results are tabulated in several tables and figures. In order to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the current analysis, some of present results are compared with previous results in the literature and an excellent agreement is observed. It is showed that the natural frequencies of an FG rotating double tapered beam can be obtained with high accuracy by using DTM. It is also observed that nondimensional rotational speed, height taper ratio, power-law exponent significantly affect the natural frequencies of the FG double tapered beam while the effects of hub radius and breadth taper ratio are negligible.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.149-159
• /
• 2018

Thermo-mechanical buckling of sandwich beams with a stiff core and face sheets made of functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) within the framework of Timoshenko beam theory is presented. The material properties of FG-CNTRC are supposed to vary continuously in the thickness direction and are estimated through the rule of mixture. Also the properties of these materials should be considered temperature dependent. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived by using Hamilton's principle and solved using an efficient technique called the Differential Transform Method (DTM) to achieve the critical buckling of the sandwich beam in uniform thermal environment. A detailed parametric study is guided to investigate the effects of carbon nanotube volume fraction, slenderness ratio, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, and clamped-clamped, simply-simply and clamped-simply end supports on the critical buckling behavior of sandwich beams with FG-CNTRC face sheets. Numerical results for comparison of sandwich beams with uniformly distributed carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (UD-CNTRC) face sheets with those with FG-CNTRC face sheets are also presented.