• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.242-256
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• 2003

This study aimed to determine the relationship between rainfall-discharge patterns and maior aquatic environmental factors in a river-type reservoir. Specifically, daily monitoring was conducted in Paltang Reservoir from January 1999 to December 2001. Observation of the daily changes of the environment factors showed that natural meteorological factors and hydrological factors causing the change of water discharge had a major effect on the aquatic environment. Rainfall was the main source of hydrological changes, with its frequency a possible direct variable governing the range of discharge changes. Rainfall was weak in November${\sim}$May and heavy in June${\sim}$October (heavist in summer). The range of water discharge was greatest during summer (July to September) and lowest during winter (January to February). A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that aquatic environmental factors could be classified into three different types in the pattern of annual variation. First, type I included water temperature, turbidity, water color and organic matter (COD), which increased with increasing water discharge. Second, type ll consisted of DO and pH, which decreased with increasing water discharge. Third, type III included conductivity, alkalinity and chloride ion, which showed middle values with increasing water discharge. Monthly variation of aquatic environments explained by the first two dimensions of the PCA suggests that aquatic environments of Paltang Reservoir may have annual cycle typical of river-type reservoirs depending on hydrological factor such as water discharge.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4301-4306
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• 2013

Aim: Apoptosis has been considered as a fundamental component in cancer pathogenesis, and related genetic factors might play an important role in gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) genesis. Methods: We conducted a hospital based case.control study to evaluate the genetic effects of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): BCL2 rs17757541 C>G, BCL2 rs12454712 T>C, FAS rs2234767 G>A, FASL/FASLG rs763110 C>T, ERBB2 rs1136201 A>G and VEGFR2/KDR rs11941492 C>T on the development of GCA. A total of 243 GCA cases and 476 controls were recruited for the study and genotypes were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex SNPscan$^{TM}$ Kit. Results: The BCL2 rs17757541 C>G polymorphism was associated with increased risk of GCA. However, there was no significant associations with the other five SNPs. Stratified analyses indicated a significantly increased risk of GCA associated with the BCL2 rs17757541 C>G polymorphism among males, older patients and those with a history of smoking or drinking. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the functional polymorphism BCL2 rs17757541 C>G might contribute to GCA susceptibility. However, our results were limited by small sample size. Future larger studies are required to confirm our current findings.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-63
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• 2016

Energy policy is known to have higher path dependency among policy fields (Kuper and van Soest, 2003; OECD, 2012; Kikkawa, 2013) and is a critical component of the infrastructure development undertaken in the early stages of nation building. Actor roles, such as those played by interest groups, are firmly formed, making it unlikely that institutional change can be implemented. In resource-challenged Japan, energy policy is an especially critical policy area for the Japanese government. In comparing energy policy making in Japan and Germany, Japan’s policy community is relatively firm (Hartwig et al., 2015), and it is improbable that institutional change can occur. The Japanese government’s approach to energy policy has shifted incrementally in the past half century, with the most recent being the 2012 implementation of the “Feed-In Tariff Law” (Act on Special Measures Concerning Procurement of Renewable Electric Energy by Operators of Electric Utilities), which encourages new investment in renewable electricity generation and promotes the use of renewable energy. Yet, who were the actors involved and the factors that influenced the establishment of this new law? This study attempts to assess the factors associated with implementing the law as well as the roles of the relevant major actors. In answering this question, we focus on identifying the policy networks among government, political parties, and interest groups, which suggests that success in persuading key economic groups could be a factor in promoting the law. Our data is based on the “Global Environmental Policy Network Survey 2012-2013 (GEPON2)” which was conducted immediately after the March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake with respondents including political parties, the government, interest groups, and civil society organizations. Our results suggest that the Feed in Tariff (FIT) Law’s network structure is similar to the information network and support network, and that the actors at the center of the network support the FIT Law. The strength of our research lays in our focus on political networks and their contributing mechanism to the law’s implementation through analysis of the political process. From an academic perspective, identifying the key actors and factors may be significant in explaining institutional change in policy areas with high path dependency. Close examination of this issue also has implications for a society that can promote renewable and sustainable energy resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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• v.36S no.8
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• pp.8-16
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• 1999

In this paper, the performance of a hybrid DS/SFH-SS(direct-sequence/slow-frequency-hopped spread-spectrum) system with coherent BPSK modulation over Nakagami fading channel in the presence of multiple tone jamming is analyzed. Because the Nakagami m-distribution can describe not only Rayleigh fading but also more general fluctuations involving a specular component by adjusting the value of the fading index m. It is known that for m=1 corresponds to Rayleigh fading, for $1/2{\le}m{\le}1$ corresponds to the worst case fading condition, for m>1 corresponds to Rician fading, and for $m{\to}{\infty}$ corresponds to the nonfading condition. The bit error probability is derived over Nakagami model and numerical evaluations are presented for some combinations of system parameters. The results show that as m increases, the bit error probability is better. Also, at a low JSR(jamming-to-signal power ratio), a pure DS-SS system can achieve lower bit error probability than a hybrid DS/SFH-SS system. But at a high JSR, a hybrid DS/SFH-SS system is shown to be superior to a pure DS-SS system. Therefore, it is demonstrated that without increasing the total system bandwidth, the performance of a hybrid DS/SFH-SS is superior to that of a pure DS-SS system in the presence of multiple tone jamming.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2005

Fluoride-type cleaning agents such as TFEA (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) and HFE (hydrofluoroether) are noticed to be next generation cleaning agents alternative to CFCs since they do not destruct ozones in the stratosphere due to no containment of chloride in the molecule, have lower global warming potential compared to HFCs and HCFCs, and are thermally stable compounds. Thus, the physical properties and cleaning agents were measured and compared with those of CFC-113, 1,1,1-TCE and HCFC-141b which are ozone destruction substances. They were also compared and evaluated with those of IPA and methanol which are currently employing as alternative cleaning agents. And TFEA-based cleaning agents consisted of TFEA and alcohols or HFEs were formulated, their physical properties and cleaning abilities were measured and their utilization as alternative cleaning agents was evaluated. As a result, TFEA and HFEs have lower cleaning ability for their removal of various soils compared to chloride-type cleaning agents, but theyshow excellent cleaning ability for Fluoride-type soils. And it is observed that the formulated cleaning agents of TFEA and alcohols or HFEs caused to increase cleaning ability of flux and unsoluble cutting oil more than 100% compared to their individual component. Therefore, the fluoride-type cleaning agents are expected to be utilized for development of environmental-friendly non aqueous cleaning agents with excellent cleaning ability if they are formulated with proper solvents or additives.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.441-447
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• 2017

The economic analysis for the power plant developed in the conceptual design phase is becoming more important and, research on process optimization for process development that meets the target economic is actively carried out. In the filed of power generation systems, economic assessment methods to predict the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has been widely applied for comparing economic effect quantitatively. In this paper, the platform that design criteria of key component required to optimize economic of power cycle can be calculated reversely was established roughly and design criteria of the key equipment (Compressor, turbine, heat exchanger) required to meet the target LCOE (the LCOE of supercritical steam Rankine cycle) was derived when the supercritical $CO_2$ power cycle is applied to the coal-fired power plant.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.23
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• pp.25-40
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• 2007

In the highly competitive and divers world of financial market, customer is the single most important factor to company's survival. Especially, creating a relationship with valued customers is a key to success. CRM provides the mean to retain high value customers. It takes a prospect of what customers expect. Utilizing those knowledge can help the products and service meet the customers' needs, thereby maximizing customer satisfaction and company's profit. In this report, I am going to suggest a few ways to develop successful CRM in the life insurance industry. First, CRM should innovate the way of communication to keep pace with Web 2.0 era. In other words, the customer's needs should be caught by real-time communication than traditional off-line market research. Thus, the functionality and specification of products can be decided by customer's direct choice so that the customers are able to purchase the understanding and experience of the products. Second, CRM project should consider whether the initial strategy plan can promise the stable growth of customer at the first step. When planning strategy, the project needs to identify what customer wants and how to fulfill the needs with stable growth of the customer. In addition, the CRM should be developed by realizing that customer centric benefits ultimately guarantee the growth of the organization. Third, CRM systems should enhance the organization's ability to take the customer's insight in a 360 degree view and to capture the voice of the customer directly. In order to develop the best matched product package, more precise customer segmentation should be ahead of market segmentation strategy. Forth, the biggest reward from CRM will be a customer royalty program. Many successful banks are already planning and practicing customer royalty strategy. A comprehensive analysis of customers and their behavior allow organization to identify high value potential customers' needs and determine a strategy required to meet those needs. Even life insurance companies such as Prudential Korea are developing products designed for royal customers. Fifth, understanding and managing the experience of customer called Customer Experience Management also can increase customer satisfaction. Measuring only customers' experience and adapting it to marketing strategy make products position in the gap between the customers' expectation and experience not required by market. A key component of CEM is its application across all organizational functions. At last, the direction of change and development of CRM can be defined from the conceptualization of information technology represented by Ubiquitous and Web 2.0. Instead of just managing customer information, companies should take the initiative in personalized system with customer oriented strategy. Furthermore, with the regular communication between CRM stakeholders (Sales-Marketing-IT), customer's demand should be directly reflected to enterprise strategy in real time.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.202-211
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• 2001

Luminescence is a physical phenomenon exhibited by many non-conducting, crystalline materials, such as quartz and feldspar. Within the crystals, energy absorbed from ionising radiation frees electrons to move through the crystal lattice and some are trapped at defects in the lattice. Observable luminescence is produced by electrons, released from traps by stimulation by absorption of light, which recombine with lattice defects which act as luminescence centers - optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). In a similar way to thermoluminescence(TL) dating, controlled measurement of the OSL signal can provide a means of determining the time since the last exposure of a layer of sediment to sunlight, the age of the sediment. However, whereas in the thermoluminescence dating of sediment only part of the latent thermoluminescence signal is bleached by sunlight as the sediment is deposited and allowance must be made during the laboratory measurements for the light insensitive component, optically induced luminescence dating has the advantage of working only with light sensitive traps in the crystal. Determination of the time since deposition of Quaternary sediment samples from the OSL of quartz grains using blue light was performed. A series of experiments and recent developments relating OSL dating are described, beginning by identifying the features which make OSL signals suitable for the development of dating method. Additionally, there are suggestions as to future research for obtaining reliable ages and a comment on current best practice on procedures, with the dating results of Quaternary sediment.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

Many companies launched convergence products that are merged with several functions. Mobile convergence has some advantages such as portable convenience, usability of use, economic advantage that takes parts of the common component among products in the aspects of the digital products. Even though a plenty of items launched by convergence boom in the market, not tons of convergence products succeeded in the market because One of the major reasons is that companies don't take consumer evaluations in the process of the product development. It is important to set up infrastructure and excellent quality of the products for lasting the lifecycle of the convergence items. But, above all, it is imperative to find out how consumers evaluate convergence products and what they are affected to meet their satisfaction. Nevertheless, there are few case studies about consumer evaluations in mobile convergence until now. This study is to find out how consumers evaluate convergence products and what is the factor. This study surveyed 158 subjects and used multi-regression analysis and ANOVA(analysis of variance). The results of this study show that factors such as relative advantages, complexity, observability, perceived convenience affect the attitude of consumers.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.197-206
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• 2010

For an emotion retrieval system implementation to support pedestrian navigation, coordinating the pedestrian emotion model with the system user's emotion is considered a key component. This study proposes a new method for capturing the user's model that corresponds to the pedestrian emotion model and examines the validity of the method. In the first phase, a database comprising a set of interior images that represent hypothetical destinations was developed. In the second phase, 10 subjects were recruited and asked to evaluate on navigation and satisfaction toward each interior image in five rounds of navigation experiments. In the last phase, the subjects' feedback data was used for of the pedestrian emotion model, which is called ‘learning' in this study. After evaluations by the subjects, the learning effect was analyzed by the following aspects: recall ratio, precision ratio, retrieval ranking, and satisfaction. Findings of the analysis verify that all four aspects significantly were improved after the learning. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the learning algorithm for the proposed pedestrian emotion model. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the potential of such pedestrian emotion model to be well applicable in the development of various mobile contents service systems dealing with visual images such as commercial interiors in the future.