• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.126-138
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of assistive products usage on activity of daily living for the beneficiary older adults people in Korean long-term care insurance system. The study subjects were divided to assistive products users and non-users among the beneficiary older adults based on Korean long-term care insurance system to compare function improvement of the activity of daily living. Methods : In national wide 12 community elderly care center enrolled the National Health Insurance Corporation, The numbers of 281 beneficiary older adults(long-term care Grade I: 66, Grade II: 58, Grade III: 157) participated in this study. This survey assessment tool for activity of daily living was used the long-term care assessment instrument of the physical functions in the law of Korean long-term care insurance. The function items of Activity of daily living were included in clothing, washing, tooth brushing, bathing, eating, posture converting, stand sitting, move sitting, out of room, using toilet, controlling of stool, controlling of urine, washing hair. According to independence to complete dependence functioning level, remarks pointed 1 to 3 points. The data were analyzed by chi-square, two-way anova using SPSS V. 12.0. Results : The results appeared that the mean score of the functions in activity of daily living of assistive products users was a 27.60, and that of non-users was a 30.66. Assistive products were not effected in Grade I and II recipients, but that effected in Grade III recipients. Conclusion : Preparing for activation of assistive products based Korean long-term care insurance system, the result application as follows is possible. The usage of assistive products could improve the function of daily living activity in older adults. Related to Grade III beneficiary elderly people were improved function in activity of daily living by using assistive products, it is necessary to extend coverage the non-eligible elderly people in Korean long-term care insurance system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.267-284
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• 2008

Consider a supply chain where products are produced at a manufacturing system, shipped to a distribution center, and then supplied to customers. The distribution center controls inventory based on a base-stock policy, and whenever a unit of product is demanded by a customer, an order is released to the production system. Unsatisfied demand is backordered, and the inventory and backordered units are a function of the base-stock level. The manufacturing system is modeled as an M/M/s/c queueing system, and orders exceeding the limited buffer capacity are blocked and lost. The throughput of the manufacturing system and the steady state distribution of the outstanding orders are functions of number of servers and buffers of the manufacturing system. There is a profit obtained from throughput and costs due to servers and buffers of the manufacturing system, and also costs due to inventory positions of the distribution center, and we want to maximize the total production profit minus the total cost of the supply chain by simultaneously determining the optimal number of servers and buffers of the manufacturing system and the optimal base-stock level of the distribution center. We develope two algorithms, one analytical but without guarantee of the optimal solution and one optimal but without complete analytical proofs. The problem integrates strategic problem of the manufacturing system with tactical problem of the distribution center in a supply chain.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2004

UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) has become one of the most popularmilitary/commercial aerial robots in the new millennium. In spite of all theadvantages that UAVs inherently have, it is not an easv job to develop a UAVbecause it requires very systematic and complete approaches in full developmentenvelop. The ground test and evaluation phase has the utmost importance in thesense that a well-developed system can be best verified on the ground. In addition,many of the aircraft crashes in the flight tests were resulted from the incompletedevelopment procedure. In this research, a verification procedure of the wholeairbome integrated system was conducted including the flight management system.An airbome flight control computer(FCC) senses the extemal environment from thepehpheral devices and sends the control signal to the actuating system using theassigned control logic and flight test strategy. A ground test station controls themission during the test while the downlink data are transferred from the flightmanagement computer using the serial communication interface. The pilot controlbox also applies additional manual actuating commands. The whole system wastested/verified on the wind-tunnel system, which gave a good pitch controlperformance with a preUspecified flight test procedure. The ground test systemguarantees the performance of fundamental functions of airbome electronic systemfor the future flight tests.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.5S
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• pp.1676-1686
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• 2000

The growth of the Internet has brought may kinds of electronic payment schemes that can be applied to electronic commerce applications. Generally speaking, conventional loyalty system is not a payment system but a part of customer service. Our loyalty system, however, adds monetary functions and security mechanism to the concept of bonus point, so it can make the electronic markets user entire bonus system as an electronic payment scheme, First, we introduce the organization and the protocol structure of he loyalty system. Next, we describe monetary characteristics, security scheme and anonymity to show our loyalty system can be used a functionally complete payment system.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.359-368
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• 2018

In this paper, a method is presented to identify the physical and modal parameters of multistory shear building based on substructural technique using block pulse generalized operational matrix and genetic algorithm. The substructure approach divides a complete structure into several substructures in order to significantly reduce the number of unknown parameters for each substructure so that identification processes can be independently conducted on each substructure. Block pulse functions are set of orthogonal functions that have been used in recent years as useful tools in signal characterization. Assuming that the input-outputs data of the system are known, their original BP coefficients can be calculated using numerical method. By using generalized BP operational matrices, substructural dynamic vibration equations can be converted into algebraic equations and based on BP coefficient for each story can be estimated. A cost function can be defined for each story based on original and estimated BP coefficients and physical parameters such as mass, stiffness and damping can be obtained by minimizing cost functions with genetic algorithm. Then, the modal parameters can be computed based on physical parameters. This method does not require that all floors are equipped with sensor simultaneously. To prove the validity, numerical simulation of a shear building excited by two different normally distributed random signals is presented. To evaluate the noise effect, measurement random white noise is added to the noise-free structural responses. The results reveal the proposed method can be beneficial in structural identification with less computational expenses and high accuracy.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.455-468
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• 2006

Smart structural systems are defined as ones that demonstrate the ability to modify their characteristics and/or properties in order to respond favorably to unexpected severe loading conditions. The performance of such a task requires a set of additional components to be integrated within such systems. These components belong to three major categories, sensors, processors and actuators. It is wellknown that all structural systems entail some level of uncertainty, because of their extremely complex nature, lack of complete information, simplifications and modeling. Similarly, sensors, processors and actuators are expected to reflect a similar uncertain behavior. As it is imperative to be able to evaluate the impact of such components on the behavior of the system, it is as important to ensure, or at least evaluate, the reliability of such components. In this paper, a system model for reliability assessment of smart structural systems is outlined. The presented model is considered a necessary first step in the development of a reliability assessment algorithm for smart structural systems. The system model outlines the basic components of the system, in addition to, performance functions and inter-relations among individual components. A fault tree model is developed in order to aggregate the individual underlying component reliabilities into an overall system reliability measure. Identification of appropriate limit states for all underlying components are beyond the scope of this paper. However, it is the objective of this paper to set up the necessary framework for identifying such limit states. A sample model for a three-story single bay smart rigid frame, is developed in order to demonstrate the proposed framework.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2019

The system proposed in this paper is a fully automated parking control system that can even protect users' information through blockchain. Unlike conventional parking control systems, the system consists of a web page that is accessible to people of all ages and ages, directly to the parking lot. Such a system would also benefit managers in the parking lot business. This is because it can reduce soaring labor costs and maximize the sales it can generate by operating 24 hours a day. In order to implement these systems, the web page was first designed using HTML and the API was configured using JAX-RS to invoke the API required by the web page. As a result, it created a web page that was easily accessible to anyone, built a server that could be accessed by more than 200 people at the same time, focused on personal information protection by encrypting the information of users through blockchain grafts, and designed a system that enabled users to complete payments easily. It is planning to add QR codes and GPS functions in the future and implement a function that allows one-touch information on parking lots and their vehicle information.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.74-91
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• 2023

This study provides an in-depth comparison and analysis of various risk assessment models widely used in modern industries, and proposes the most suitable model for risk assessment of offshore wind power in Korea. The assessment models were selected by considering various factors such as the purpose of risk assessment, stakeholder requirements, and characteristics of offshore wind power. We also emphasized the importance of using different risk assessment models in combination in situations of high uncertainty. To systematize the combination of risk assessment models, we used systems engineering which is effective to develop a new system. Systems engineering was used to define the complete, traceable functions from site requirements, and model-based systems engineering was used to manage the design information from requirements to detailed functions in a single model. The developed risk assessment module provide automatic conversion between risk assessment models to enable risk assessment suitable for offshore wind power. The functionality and usability of the offshore wind risk assessment module were verified by the evaluation of three wind power experts.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.