• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.513-519
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• 2006

As a very important part in development of the protocol, verifications for developed protocol specification are complementary techniques that are used to increase the level of confidence in the system functions by their specifications. Using the informal method for specifying the protocol, some ambiguity may be contained therein. This indwelling ambiguity in control systems can cause the occurrence of accidents, especially in the case of safety-critical systems. To clear the vagueness contained in the designed protocol, we use the LTS (Labeled Transition System) model to design the protocol for railway signaling. And then, we verify the safety and the liveness properties formally through the model checking method. The modal ${\mu}$-calculus, which is an expressive method of temporal logic, has been applied to the model checking method. We verify the safety and liveness properties of Korean standard protocol for railway signaling systems. To perform automatic verification of the safety and liveness properties of the designed protocol, a communication verification tool is implemented. The developed tools are implemented by C++ language under Windows XP. It is expected to increase the safety and reliability of communication protocol for signaling systems by using the developed communication verification tool.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2016

One of the key problems in the design of high-rise commercial complex is how to guide reasonable pedestrian distribution in commercial space. In this study, pedestrian distribution in three high-rise commercial complexes in Shanghai and Hong Kong was studied using spatial configuration analysis software Space Syntax and quantification of physical elements in commercial spaces, such as functional attractiveness, entrances, escalators, level variations and passage width. Additionally, in an attempt to integrate functions with spatial integration and spatial depth, two combination variables, the spatial coefficient of function (IF) and spatial depth coefficient of function (F/D), were proposed. The results of the correlation analysis and multiple regression analyses reflected the following: (1) Regarding the influence on pedestrian distribution, there was a synergistic and complementary relationship between function and space; (2) The comprehensive flow distribution analytic model could successfully interpret flow distribution in high-rise commercial complexes and its R Square ranged up to about 70% in the three cases; (3) The spatial coefficient of function (IF) and spatial depth coefficient (F/D) could effectively integrate functions and spatial configuration, which could help close the gap between over-emphasis on function in commercial research and the lack of consideration of function in space-syntax analysis.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.11-16
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• 2016

Purpose - There are numerous theories for retail trade area analysis which are designed to select candidate locations for new stores. In this study, comparative analysis on the characteristics from those of the theories are shown, and the explanation for the power in consumers' store-choice behaviors and their limitations are examined. Also, plans for improving commercial sphere analysis are explored. Research design, data, and methodology - This study is based on literature reviews with normative research methodology. Among many researches regarding the analysis on the location and commercial sphere for launching a new store, researches relying on statistics are excluded in this study since they belong to the marketing research area,. Results - In the Law of retail gravitation, Huff's model multinomial logit model and etc. are mutual complementary mathematical techniques for analyzing commercial spheres and each of them has its own characteristics. These theories rely on the same hypothesis in which consumers are all believed to be behaving rationally under a similar behavioral system. However, the trial in explaining or estimating behavior of choosing a store with only a select size of the population that is objectively estimated by some major properties has limits in its credibility. Conclusion - Research on consumer's spatial behaviors can be fully illustrative and explainable when it has both quantitative approaches such as 'law of retail gravitation', 'logit model' and etc., and qualitative approaches like consumer's 'cognitive structure', 'learning status', 'image formation', 'attitude' and etc.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.23-33
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• 2020

Purpose: In the digital age, visual cues in computer-mediated environments are becoming a very popular means of communication. Therefore, it is a very critical market for marketers to utilize for marketing communication and platform providers and manufacturers of mobile devices which create and distribute the visual cues While the prevalent research on visual cue consumption focuses on the positive side, the dark side of consuming visual cues has not been investigated. Therefore, in this research, the dark side of using visual cues, such as difficulties and problems in their application, will be investigated. Research design, data, and methodology: Due to the nature of this study, a netnography approach was adopted. Twitter which the users regularly utilise visual cues in their communications was a prime source for data of this research. Results: This research suggests that visual cue users experience anxiety about the subordination of expression and suffer from the myth of an ideal practice of expression. Conclusions: As the previous research emphasised the complementary role of visual cues, has failed to recognise the problems associated with the extensive and growing dependence on visual cues. This awareness demonstrates that we need to take a careful approach to visual cue usage.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.256-264
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of self-administered hand reflexology on level of fatigue in college student nurses during clinical practice. Method: A non-equivalent control group, quasi-experimental research with pre and post-test design was used. Forty-seven student nurses in clinical practice were assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed self-hand reflexology for 10 minutes once a day during the 5 days of clinical practice. Results: 1. While there was a significant difference in degree of fatigue and fatigue scores in the experimental group over time, there was no significant difference between the two groups. 2. Vigor score for the experimental group was significantly higher than those of the control group during the 5 days except for day 5, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. 3, Levels of fatigue for the experimental group increased after 1 hour in the 1st post time, but there was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Self-administered hand reflexology was not found to be an effective method for relieving fatigue for student nurses in clinical practice. Also physiological effects were not identified in this study, and so further research is needed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foot reflexology on sleep, depression and skin temperature of the female elderly at home. Methods: This research used the non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 45 elders residing at home: 23 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group. The experimental group received 30-minute foot reflexology 8 times for 2 weeks. The results were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$ test, t-test with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: The results showed that foot reflexology was significantly effective in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. However, the temperature of both palms was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that foot reflexology is an effective nursing intervention in improving the quality of sleep, reducing depression, and raising the temperature of both feet. Therefore, it is recommended to use foot reflexology as a complementary nursing intervention for elderly women at home in community.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.411-414
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• 2014

A switch is one of the most useful circuits for controlling the path of signal transmission. It can be added to digital circuits to create a kind of gate-level device and it can also save information into memory. In RF subsystems, a switch is used in a different way than its general role in digital circuits. The most important characteristic to consider when designing an RF switch is keeping the isolation as high as possible while also keeping insertion loss as low as possible. For high isolation, we propose leakage signal cancellation and inductive switching for designing a singlepole double-throw (SPDT) RF switch. By using the proposed method, an isolation level of more than 23 dB can be achieved. Furthermore, the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process is used in the RF switch design to keep the insertion loss low. It is demonstrated that the proposed RF switch has an insertion loss of less than 2 dB. The RF switch operates from 1 to 8 GHz based on the $0.18-{\mu}m$ SiGe HBT process, taking up an area of $0.3mm^2$.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.673-683
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of SaSang constitutional diet for essential hypertension on blood pressure, fat, and serum lipid on the subjects with aerobic exercise and low salt diet at the same time. Method: A non-equivalent control group time-series design was used. For the experimental group, aerobic exercise and SaSang constitutional diet were taught by researcher at health center. Test for hypothesis was done by repeated measured ANOVA. Result: There was significant decrease in systolic, diastolic, and MAP between the experimental group and control group over three different times. There was significant decrease in body weight, BMI, and body composition over three different times. But, there was no significant difference between groups and interaction by groups or over time. There was significant decrease in T/G and cholesterol over three different times. But, there was no significant difference in T/G, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol between groups and interaction by groups or over time. Conclusion: Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of the blood pressure as a means of alternative- complementary nursing intervention.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.405-407
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• 2005

As the screen size of LCD increases, EEFL(External Electrode Fluorescent Lamp) has been suggested to be applicable as backlight source for LCD . Since the electrodes of EEFL are outside of the tube, EEFL enhances the lifetime compared with CCFL(Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp), and a single inverter can drive multiple EEFL tubes of which luminance is uniform Therefore, a compact design can be realized and the cost of EEFL application would be much lower than that of CCFL. Moreover, EEFL inverter has higher efficiency per unit power than CCFL inverter. In this paper, a complementary full-bridge PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) inverter was designed for 32-inch LCD TV backlight which has 20 EEFL tubes and adapted two different driving methods to the EEFL inverter. The validity of this study is confirmed from the experimental results.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.439-445
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• 2005

We introduce a strained-SiGe technology adopting different thicknesses of Si cap layers towards low power and high performance CMOS applications. By simply adopting 3 and 7 nm thick Si-cap layers in n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs, respectively, the transconductances and driving currents of both devices were enhanced by 7 to 37% and 6 to 72%. These improvements seemed responsible for the formation of a lightly doped retrograde high-electron-mobility Si surface channel in nMOSFETs and a compressively strained high-hole-mobility $Si_{0.8}Ge_{0.2}$ buried channel in pMOSFETs. In addition, the nMOSFET exhibited greatly reduced subthreshold swing values (that is, reduced standby power consumption), and the pMOSFET revealed greatly suppressed 1/f noise and gate-leakage levels. Unlike the conventional strained-Si CMOS employing a relatively thick (typically > 2 ${\mu}m$) $Si_xGe_{1-x}$ relaxed buffer layer, the strained-SiGe CMOS with a very thin (20 nm) $Si_{0.8}Ge_{0.2}$ layer in this study showed a negligible self-heating problem. Consequently, the proposed strained-SiGe CMOS design structure should be a good candidate for low power and high performance digital/analog applications.