• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.178-185
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• 2023

QuEChERS is used worldwide as a universal sample preparation method with many benefits, such as being quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe. This study examined whether QuEChERS can be employed in isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS) for accurate analysis of pesticides in food. The ratios of fortified values and measured values of malathion and fenitrothion using the QuEChERS method were compared with those using the solid phase extract (SPE) method which was previously used in this laboratory. The separations of the two pesticides on DB-5MS and VF-1701MS columns were compared. Malathion and fenitrothion were fortified into kimchi cabbage and pretreated with the QuEChERS method and the SPE method. The results obtained using the DB-5MS column varied according to the sample preparation method, column and pesticide level. Using the VF-1701 column, ratios were 98-102% by both QuEChERS and Carb/NH₂ SPE method for all fortification level. Malathion and fenitrothion were fortified into strawberry samples for comparison with kimchi cabbage. The results for the strawberry samples indicated that the ratios were not influenced by the sample preparation methods or GC column. The QuEChERS method could be acceptable in the ID-MS method for pesticide residue analysis in food, however other conditions should be carefully considered for accurate determination, such as the column, amount of analyte and food matrix.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-89
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• 2007

Objective The aim of this study is to investigate if Sweet Bee Venom therapy has the equal effect in comparison with Bee Venom Therapy on Low back pain with Radiation pain. Methods Clinical studies were done 24 patients who were treated low back pain with radiation pain to Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibusition, of Oriental Medicine Se-Myung University from April 1, 2007 to September 30, 2007. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups ; Bee Venom treated group(Group A, n=10), Sweet Bee Venom treatred group(Group B, n=14). In Bee Venom treated group(Group A), we treated patients with dry needle acupuncture and Bee Venom therapy. In Sweet Bee Venom treatred group(Group B), we treated patients with dry needle acupuncture and Sweet Bee Venom therapy. All process of treatment were performed by double blinding method. To estimate the efficacy of controlling pain. we checked Visual Analog Scale(VAS). For evaluating functional change of patients, Straight Leg Raising Test(S.L.R.T) was measured. Results 1. In controlling pain, Sweet Bee Venom treatred group(Group B) had similar ability in comparison with Bee Venom treated group(Group A). 2. In promoting function, Sweet Bee Venom treatred group(Group B) had similar ability in comparison with Bee Venom treated group(Group A). Conclusions It may be equal effects as compared with using Bee Venom to treat low back pain with radiation pain using Sweet Bee Venom. We can try to treat other disease known to have effect with Bee Venom.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

In this paper, the effects of auditor change on audit quality in companies accepted in Tehran stock exchange placed review and we assessed the presence or absence of a significant correlation between them. to assess the quality of data auditing and tax distortions, falsification of accounting estimates, distortion of rules, distortion caused by mistakes in applying accounting policies and other distortions are used as the dependent variable Is. the sample group consisted of 56 companies as experimental group and a control group of 56 other companies a 4-year period, during the years 2011 to 2014 were studied. data needed for research discovery success ratio distortion before and after the change of auditor. To test the research hypotheses paired comparison method is used.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.171-181
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze on the result of learning accomplishment and attitude between two groups to certify the application possibility of the cooperative learning method in home economics education. This inquiry was investigated by two classes 95 students. of the first glade in high school a commercial girl’s high school located in Anyang city of Kyonggi province, and then classified in a cooperative learning group and a traditional learning group respectively, then the 6th lessons progressed, and the difference of results of the learning accomplishment and the learning attitude according to each group was analysed with the post tests of the learning accomplishment and the learning attitude of two groups. The results of this study are summarized as follows. (1) Three subordinate positions, which are knowledge, understanding and application field of learning accomplishment between the cooperative learning group and the traditional learning group. it highly and the traditional learning group it highly showed in comparison with the traditional learning group. (2) There are not any statistically significant difference in the attention- concentration field of learning attitude between the cooperative learning and the traditional learning groups, but the cooperative learning group in the learning method and the self learning field highly showed.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.387-392
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• 2015

MapReduce is a framework used to process large data sets in parallel on a large cluster. A group-by query is a query that partitions the input data into groups based on the values of the specified attributes, and then evaluates the value of the specified aggregate function for each group. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for processing multiple group-by queries using MapReduce. Instead of computing each group-by query independently, the proposed method computes multiple group-by queries in stages with one or more MapReduce jobs in order to reduce the total execution cost. We compared the performance of this method with the performance of a less sophisticated method that computes each group-by query independently. This comparison showed that the proposed method offers better performance in terms of execution time.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.127-134
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• 2016

PURPOSES : Visibility of lanes on the road improves as retro-reflectivity rises. This helps reduce traffic accidents at nighttime or in bad weather. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of improved visibility on reduction of traffic accidents when the color of the lane in the median of the highway was changed from yellow to white. METHODS : In order to evaluate the accident reduction effect of the white left shoulder line, Hauer (1997)'s Comparison-Group method was chosen as an analysis methodology. The JungBu-2 highway, which is equipped with the white left shoulder line and is in trial operation, was chosen as a target for analysis. Data of accidents for 10 months before and after installation was collected and analyzed. In addition to the number of accidents, the types of accidents were classified into nighttime accidents, accidents in bad weather, and median collisions. The accident reduction effect of improved visibility of lanes was analyzed. RESULTS : The analysis' finding showed that installation of the white left shoulder line decreased the number of accidents by 28%. Moreover, improvement in visibility was effective in reducing nighttime accidents by 67.63%, accidents in bad weather by 55.19%, and median collisions by 48.55%. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the analysis' results in this study, it was concluded that white left shoulder line on the freeway contributed to reduce traffic accidents, especially nighttime accidents, accidents in bad weather, and median collisions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-109
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ankle dual task including motor training on the static balance, dynamic balance in the elderly. METHODS: 30 elderly people were randomly divided into 3 groups: 10 people in the single motor task group, 10 people in the double motor dual task group and 10 people in the motor-cognitive dual task group. In the double motor dual tasks group was performed ankle balance motor task additional motor task. Motor-cognitive dual task group was performed ankle balance motor task additional cognitive task. Single motor task group was performed ankle balance motor task. It was performed three times intervention a week for six weeks. Statistical analysis method was performed using one way ANOVA for comparison between groups, and the paired t-test was used for comparison pre and post intervention. RESULTS: Static and dynamic balance were significant differences between pre and post intervention by three groups (p<.05). In static balance, there was a significant difference among groups (p<.05), but there was not a significant difference between groups in dynamic balance (p>.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the research, the ankle balance dual task including motor or cognitive task was more effective than single motor task on static balance in the elderly.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 2003

Purpose: To examine the effect of a smoking prevention program on changing the knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior of male middle school students. Method: A total of 69 male middle school students participated in this study. Each of them was assigned to either smoking prevention program (n=35) or to a control group (n=34). The intervention for the experiment group was developed by the investigator. The questionnaires for assessing knowledge and attitude were created by modifying scaled employed in previous studies. Result: 1) The experimental group with smoking prevention program showed higher scores in knowledge for smoking harmfulness in comparison with the control group (F=18.782, p=.000). 2) The experimental group with the smoking prevention program showed lower scores in attitude toward smoking behavior in comparison with the control group (F=17.483. p=.000). Conclusion: The results showed that the smoking prevention program was effective on improving knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior in male middle school students. More studies on development of comprehensive smoking prevention programs for adolescents need to be conducted in the future.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.696-703
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• 2008

Purpose: To Perform a randomized comparative study investigating the effects of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise(PME) and Magnetic Stimulation Therapy(MST) and to identified the problems in each of PME & MST Method: Forty-nine patients with mild stress incontinence were randomly assigned to either of two treatment groups (24 patients in the PME group and 25 in the MST group). The PME group had a video exercising program for 40 times every day during 6 weeks. The MST group was treated with BioCon-2000TM, 2times/ week for six weeks. Pre-test and post-test were performed by Prineometer, 1-hour pad test. and Jackson's BFLUTS questionnaire of Jackson. Collected data were analysed using SAS 9.1 by frequency, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z. Chi Square-test, t-test, Fisher Exact probability test, Paired t-test, and Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Results: In comparison between before and after PME and MST, statistically significant difference was observed in maximal vaginal pressure, duration of vaginal contraction, amount of urine, and symptom of urination. In the comparison of the effectiveness between PME & MST, only the maximal of vaginal pressure (Z=2.58, p= .010) was significantly different. Conclusion: The factor more effective in the MST group than in the PME group was high compliance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to develop a new restraint for the intensive care units (ICU) and to investigate the application effect in comparison with a control group using existing restraints. Method: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experimental research design was used. The participants were 40 (control 20, experimental 20) patients who were recruited by convenience sampling the ICU of a university hospital. To avoid contamination of the experiment, data for the control group were collected prior to the experimental group. Measurement variables were edema and skin damage (redness and abrasion) at the application site, and nurses' perceived convenience in applying restraints. Results: Three days after applying the restraint, amount of edema at the application site was small and incidence of skin damage decreased in the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Also, score for application convenience measured by the nurses was higher in for the newly developed restraint than for existing restraints. Conclusion: Results indicate that the newly developed restraint has lower effects such as edema and skin damage and is more convenient compared with existing restraints, and is therefore recommended for patients in the ICU.