• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 2015

In order to get as ecological basic data for river restoration, vegetation investigation was conducted in natural river and analysed it synecological methods, such as ordination cluster. 29 plant communities units were identified and the major dominant plant communites were Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Populus davidiana community, Q. variabilis community and Prunus sargentii community. River vegetations were classified into ravine and gorge forest type and riverine softwood forest type. Ravine and gorge forest was dominanted by hardwood which located in steep slope and in high elevation, and riverine softwood forest by softwood, salix spp. Naturality was an important criterion for the selection of rivers, so many of the selected rivers are located in the upper stream and mid stream rather than the lower stream, where more human intervention is involved. Plant communities were consisted of hardwood forest(44 plots, 92%) and softwood forest(4 plot, 8%), respectively. PCA with total layer data showed 5 groups of communities: Q. mongolica community group, Prunus sargentii community group, Pinus densiflora community group, Prunus sargentii community - Pinus densiflora community group and the rest communities group. PCA with tree layer showed 3 groups: Q. mongolica community group, Prunus sargentii community group, and the rest community group. Cluster analysis also a showed a similar communities group to PCA ordination, but Magnolia sieboldii community and Prunus sargentii community were distinguished from the PCA result. From the result, it can be concluded that the plant communities of riparian be divided into hardwood and softwood forest by statistical techniques. It was appropriate to plant species such as Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Populus davidiana, Quercus variabilis and Prunus sargentii, at levee zone and high water level. And Sliax spp. were appropriate for planted plants at waterfront and low water level. The herb species to be planted on the floodplain were recommanded in the species composition co-occurred with the woody species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.12 no.4 s.33
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• pp.83-88
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• 2006

Recently, management and restoration efforts using the plants promote the disturbed habitats such as a set-asides or field boundaries. But, side effects are coming out because of using the exotic plants in restoration process. This study was conducted to select the native plant species used for restoration through the vegetation survey and plant community analysis at small stream-side in rural villages. We surveyed at two small stream-sides in open field and high land area in 2005 as a case study. Total 126 species was found at small stream side in open field area. As the result of important value' calculation, Persicaria thunbergii 23.0%, Humulus japonicus 18.6%, Phragmites communis 4.4%, Bromus japonicus 4.2%, and Rosa multiflora 3.4% were in the order of important value. Total 92 species were found at small stream side in high land area. As the result of important value' calculation, Dactylis glomerata 16.1%, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis 11.0%, Persicaria thunbergii 10.9%, Humulus japonicus 9.3%, Phragmites japonica 5.2% and Phragmites communis 3.5% were in the order of important value. We selected some plant species to use in restoration after due consideration of problems of exotic plant and high coverage and density species, and ecological process; Persicaria thunberii, Phragmites communis, Bromus japonicus, Rosa multiflora, Equisetum arvense, Digtaria sanguinalis, Impatiens textori, and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis in open field stream-side, and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Persicaria thunbergii, Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Artemisia selengensis, Panicum bisulcatum, Rorippa indica, and Equisetum arvense at hghland stream-side. We will verify the selected native plants and plan the utilization of the native plants in restoration at stream-side in rural village.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.57-69
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• 2011

The present paper deals with a research of life form and vegetation of the plants extant in the habitat of endangered Parnassius bremeri in Uiseong, Gyeongsangbuk-do with a view to restore their habitat and create substitute habitats. The research found that there are a total of 130 vascular plants including 47 families, 96 genera, 113 species, 1 subspecies and 16 varieties. In terms of their life form, hemicryptophytes (H) is the majority of dormancy form with 41 species or 31.54%, while $R_5$ is majority of radicoid form with 72 species or 55.38%, gravitational disseminule form ($D_4$) is majority among the disseminule forms with 68 species or 52.31% and erect type (e) is majority of growth form with 57 species or 43.85%. Major constituents of the habitat are Sedum kamtschaticum, Selaginella tamariscina, Orostachys japonica, Arundinella hirta, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Themeda triandra var. japonica, Carex humilis, Indigofera kirilowii, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Festuca ovina, Artemisia capillaris, etc., all of species which are in the initial stage of succession and show simultaneously features characteristic of vegetation on the rock. In the habitat 1. Sedum kamtschaticum- Selaginella tamariscina community and Pinus densiflora community are distributed whereas, in the habitat 2. Sedum kamtschaticum-Selaginella tamariscina community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Carex humilis community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii community and Sedum kamtschaticum-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community are growing and in the habitat 3. Sedum kamtschaticum-Selaginella tamariscina community, Selaginella tamariscina community, Sedum kamtschaticum-Indigofera kirilowii community and Quercus acutissima community are seen distributed there, too. Typical of food plants growing in the habitat is Sedum kamtschaticum, found mostly in the rocky area and its surroundings. Absorption plants are those that usually bloom in the season when imagoes emerge. From the research, it becomes evident that the blooming season of Sedum kamtschaticum, obviously a food plant, corresponds exactly to the emergence timing of imagoes. Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense, Rosa multiflora, Erigeron annuus, Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora are found to belong to these plants.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the community's capacity and hindrance factors affecting the community's activities by exploring the process of restoring the community's environmental pollution. This study examined the community activities related to the restoration of pollution that occurred at the former Janghang smelter in Seocheon-gun. The results of this study showed that leaders, cooperative resources, and the media were elements positively influencing the recovery of the community. The starting point that became the driving force for community activities was the presence of a leader who had a small stake in it. Moreover, it required cooperation such as the continuous interest of local active groups and residents to continue this effort. Above all, the media publicized the incident and amplified the activities of members. Meanwhile, there were various conflicts hindering the activities of local communities in the process of restoring the pollution such as the internal conflicts of community groups, conflicts between residents and active groups, and conflicts with the government. The behaviors that appeared in the process of restoring the pollution revealed a form of united governance. Moreover, they changed from an initial "supportive" character to "resistant" and "defensive" activities. Later, it was transformed into "subjective" and "creative" activities.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

This study aims to analyze the changes in the benthic macroinvertebrate community before and after a restoration project in a eutrophic stream. Species diversity and species richness increased at the points where the channel changed from standing water to running water. However, species diversity and richness decreased at the points where only riparian restoration was implemented, and the concentration of suspended solids increased, while biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus decreased and the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased. In such reaches, functional feeding groups went from collector-filterers to collector-gatherers, and habitat orientation groups changed from clingers to burrowers.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.394-407
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• 2023

Ecological restoration is an ecological technology that diagnoses problematic ecological spaces and restores the damaged ecosystem to a healthy appearance similar to its original appearance based on reference information obtained by analyzing intact nature. To achieve successful restoration, the project must be carried out in respect of a series of procedures. However, in Korea, restoration projects are usually actively promoted regardless of diagnostic evaluation, which wastes cost and energy, and the effect is not significant. As the reference information is not utilized, ecological restoration to return the damaged nature makes features different greatly from the appearance of nature, causing another damage. As the restoration effect is not evaluated, it is impossible to determine whether it is successful or not, and as a result, even if the project continues, there is no development and no effect. However, advanced societies have not only made academic progress by respecting these procedures but also have great economic effects along with the improvement of environmental conditions as ecological restoration has become an industry. Therefore, the international society recognizes ecological restoration as an important means of solving environmental problems at the global level, including climate change, and international organizations are actively promoting projects to treat the injured planet. However, most of the restoration projects promoted in Korea were evaluated below the level as a result of the evaluation of the effect. Nevertheless, those who have led low-quality projects are blocking plans to establish ecological restoration as a new industry that can contribute significantly to improving these levels, and thus the problem is expected to worsen. To solve this problem, it is necessary to filter out defective businesses by introducing a strict and correct project evaluation system by dividing it into before and after. Furthermore, it is necessary to establish ecological restoration as an industry and leave the process in the principles of the market.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2007

While a concept on biotop or the urgency of its classification systems have been under discussion recently, this study aims to examine outdoor biotop classification systems for environment-friendly community. To this end, the feasibility of creating a biotop in the community and application elements were generated and biotops were classified and categorized. Then, elements that can be applied in consideration of traditional Korean techniques were generated and biotop classification systems and specific components in residential areas were reviewed. As for the result of this study, based on a preliminary draft prepared through literature review, considerations for biotop classification systems were taken into account. Then, based on classification criteria for biotop formats, biotop functions and biotop types, a second-tier classification system was developed. Criteria for biotop formats included surfaces, lines and points while criteria for biotop functions were large cores, small bases, corridors, stepping stones and ecological islands. Criteria for habitat types were divided to include natural forest, developed green areas, lacustrine wetland, palustrine wetland, shrubs, grasslands, linear habitats, vacant plots and practical green areas, which were sub-categorized. As for the biotop classification system, macro-classification divided biotops into three types-space, line and point-based on biotop formats. Meso-classification had five groups and micro-classification had 21 groups based on habitat types. Future studies should focus on the ecological features of each biotop categories generated in this study and their creation and management techniques to find many practical methods to create, protect and manage outdoor biotop for environment-friendly community.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to characterize the forest vegetation structure and site of Quercus serrata forest for ecological forest management and ecological niche. The results are as follows : The chemical properties of Q. serrata forest soil were 0.24% of total nitrogen, 8.27 of organic matter, 74ppm of available phosphorous, 1.64(me/100g) of Ca, 0.22(me/100g) of Mg, 0.74(me/100g) of K and 9.3(me/100g) of cation exchangeable capacity. The dominant species in Quercus serrata forest were Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Styrax obassia, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Styrax japonica. DBH analysis showed that Quercus serrata seems to remain as a dominant species for the present because they had random distribution based on few of big individuality, many of small and middle individuality. But the Q. serrata community is competing with Q. mongolica and F. rhynchophylla, whose density of small individuality has increased. With the classification of TWINSPAN, Q. serrata forest was classified three groups, such as Q. serrata-Acer mono, Q. serrata, Q. serrata-Q. acutissima communities. The results of the correlation analysis of Q. serrata major communities and environment factors are as follows; Q. serrata-A. mono community was found relatively in high elevated and eastern and northern area that has relatively high percentage organic matter. Also Q. serrata community was found in high elevated and eastern and northern area that has high percentage organic matter. Q. serrata-Q. acutissima community was found in low elevated and southern and western area that has low percentage organic matter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.16-25
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• 2007

The purpose of the study is to analyse and classify the characteristics of Gongsanseong forest through phytosociological and quadrat method with 20 plot samples. In result, the forest was classified as Quercus acutissima community. The subcommunity was composed of Quercus aliena and Zelkova serrata. The average vegetation coverage of Quercus aliena subcommunity was upper tree layer (83%), lower tree layer (48%), shrub layer (39%), and herb layer (30%), while the average vegetation coverage of Zelkova serrata subcommunity was upper tree layer (76%), lower tree layer (52%), shrub layer (40%), and herb layer (45%). The order of importance value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Quercus acutissima (72.62), Quercus aliena (40.52), Prunus sargentii (19.81), Styrax japonica (19.39), Zelkova serrata (15.78), Robonia pseudoacacia (14.76), Quercus variabilis (13.83), Sorbus alnifolia (13.71), Platycarya strobilacea (10.74), Pinus densiflora (10.08), and Quercus serrata (9.31). According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Prunus sargentii and Zelkova serrata will be continuously increased while Quercus sp. is dominating the forest. With the result of ordination analysis, the relationship between the forest community and environmental factors could be affected by soil nutrition, moisture, and elevation etc.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2003

This study was carried out to understand the variation of bird community by eco-park development of urban stream, Yangjae stream, Seoul, from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 2001. After the development, slight change in the bird community happened; for example, the number of species increased(r²=0.729, p<0.05), but there was not any variation in the total number of birds(r²=0.050, p>0.05). Especially, the number of individuals in herons and ducks rose. We suggest that the change as caused by restoration of low revetment vegetation and artificial pond vegetation in flood plain. However, the number of sandpipers, plovers and wagtails inhabiting on the sands and gravels in stream fell down. It seems that it would be caused by construction of bicycle path on the flood plain. The number of songbirds was tended to go down to 2000, but increased in 2001. The decrease of songbirds might be attributed to irregular removals of bush. We suggested that riparian vegetation restoration and artificial ponds positively affected birds inhabitation, but bicycle path and irregular elimination of a bush negatively affected.