• 의료법학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2007

It is a general principle that the plaintiff takes burden of proof about negligence and causation in a civil compensation litigation. And it is the same in a medical malpractice lawsuit. Korean courts have made diverse efforts to mitigate the plaintiff's duty to prove in medical malpractice lawsuits under the name of justice and impartiality. One of those theoretical attempt is 'presumption of causation'. The Supreme Court, since 1995, has developed a new logic for the theory of 'presumption of causation' which is characterized by a phrase "layman's common sense". The Court presumes the defendant's negligence and causation when the plaintiff alleges and proves the facts which can be pointed out and expressed by a layman with common sense. And if the defendant fails to prove that the result was caused by other fact than own medical activities, the defendant shall be defeated. I realize that this theory has problem for justice and impartiality. I would say that two fators should be considered and added to this logic. First,are defendant's acts generally belonging to gross negligence which would cause that kind of bad result? Second, is it recognized that there would be the causation generally and statistically between the cause and the result?

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1937-1944
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• 2014

최근 건설분야에 터널공사중 터널내 방재 및 유지관리를 위해 터널측벽부에 공동구를 설치하여 운영하고 있으며, 공동구의 설치는 주로 인력시공에 의하여 이루어지고 있다. 터널공사의 작업환경은 가설 전기의 사용에 따른 조도불량, 작업공간의 협소에 따른 안전사고 위험, 터널내 환경불량에 따른 작업자의 작업기피 현상을 발생시키고 있다. 이러한 환경에서의 인력작업은 안전성 저해 및 경제성 악화에 따른 원가상승 등의 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 VE절차에 의하여 아이디어를 도출하였고, 기계화 시공이 문제점 해결을 위한 좋은 방안으로 제시되었다. 터널공동구의 기계화 시공의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 시험시공을 실시하였고, 시공성과 경제성 측면에서 직접적인 개선효과가 있는 것으로 검증되었다. 아울러 인력에 의한 시공을 감소시킴으로써 안전성의 증가가 기대되며, 연속적인 콘크리트 타설로 인하여 마감성 및 미관이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the difference of brain activities in viewing a common emotional situation according to perspective-taking. Methods : Using fMRI, brain activities were measured while performing the task viewing a common emotional situation on either self-perspective or third-person perspective in fourteen healthy men. The relatively activated brain areas on each perspective were investigated, then the relationship between the activated brain regions and the scores of self report about some emotion or empathic ability were explored. Results : The relatively activated brain areas on self-perspective were bilateral paracentral lobule(BA 5), right postcentral gyrus(BA 3), right precentral gyrus(BA 4), left superior temporal gyrus(BA 22), left medial frontal gyrus(BA 6), whereas on third-person perspective right inferior frontal gyrus(BA 47), left caudate body and tail, right superior temporal gyrus(BA 38), right medial frontal gyrus(BA 8) were activated. The relative activity of left superior temporal gyrus on self-perspective was positively correlated with the score of Beck Depression Inventory. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that the activated brain region according to perspective-taking were different while viewing a common emotional situation. The depressive feeling would have an influence on the brain activity related to perspective-taking.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

Number of children cared by child care centers has getting up almost half of the from zero to five year age group in korea. Home care children' activities are reported more active and natural than those of center care children. So this study seek the design guidelines for the residential core model of child care centers as second home in korea. The residential core model by Anita Lui Olds was selected and ten domestic center cases were surveyed for guidelines. Firstly, daily-residential core model is learning by daily life at home, and is equiped with cooking kitchenet and group activity area in group room. Secondly, play-residental core model is learning by playing by self, and is equiped with acting, eating and reading common area clustering two or three group room. Thirdly, eco-residental core model is learning by eco-friendly activities, and is equiped with companying, cooperating and sharing area. Fourthly, project-residental core model is learning by project by self, and is equiped with drawing, experimenting and presenting common area. Fifthly, the space of residential core model is organized with three or four group room and clustering living or common area. The larger the center is, the more the cluster is vertically. Facility area and outdoor playground per child is about 7 and $3m^2$.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제14D권7호
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• pp.773-782
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• 2007

소프트웨어 프로덕트 라인은 소프트웨어 재사용에 대한 활동들을 미리 계획하고 개발 프로세스의 연속적인 부분으로 이루어지도록 지원하기 위한 방법이다. 이 방법에서 가장 중요한 기술은 관련된 시스템들, 즉 도메인에서 공통성과 가변성(commonality and variability: C&V)을 분석하고 관리하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 소프트웨어 프로덕트 라인 방법과 RFID 적용 기술을 결합시키고자 한다. 즉, 각 기업 또는 도메인마다 RFID 기술을 도입하려고 할 때, 애플리케이션이 공통적으로 처리해야 하는 활동들을 식별하고 각 활동들이 가지는 가변요소들을 분석하여, 이를 재사용 가능한 소프트웨어 프로덕트 라인 아키텍처로 자산화 하는 방법을 제시한다. 또한 이를 실현하기 위하여 재사용 가능한 프로덕트 라인 아키텍처를 모델링 할 수 있고 식별된 공통된 기능들을 재사용 가능한 컴포넌트로 제공해주는 프레임워크를 개발한다. 공통된 아키텍처를 공유하고 반복적인 기능들을 자산으로 만들어 재사용하는 것은 경제적인 측면과 품질에서 상당한 이점을 가져다 준다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.940-958
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two horticultural activities: seed sowing and planting plant. Thirty-one male university students (aged $26.2{\pm}2.0years$) participated in this study. Kinematic factors (movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns) were assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system while the subjects performed the horticultural activities. Kinetic factors (muscle activation of eight upper-limb muscles: the anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi radialis) were assessed using surface electromyography. The acts of seed sowing and planting plant were comprised of five tasks which included six types of phases: reaching, grasping, back transporting, forward transporting, watering, and releasing. The movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns were significantly different across the tasks involved in the horticultural activities. All eight muscles of the upper limbs were utilized during the horticultural activities, and the muscle activation of the serratus anterior was the highest compared to that of the other muscles tested. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of these horticultural activities showed similar characteristics to reaching and grasping rehabilitation training and daily living activities. The present study provides reference data for common horticultural activities using a kinematic and kinetic analysis.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.157-170
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• 2004

Students experience science not only through school science lessons but also through various other channels. Science-related facilities, including science museums and centers, are important channels for informal science education. Korea has a number of governmental and private facilities in which young people can experience various aspects of scientific activities, and many of them also provide the programs supporting out-of-school science activities. However, there has been no systematic survey study on those facilities providing out-of-school activities, thus they have not been used effectively as well as their social utility is not fully realized. To this end, in 2002 researchers of this study carried out surveys (1) of the facilities supporting out-of-school science activities and (2) of science programs provided by these facilities. The surveys show that there are approximately 180 facilities supporting science activities in Korea. More than 40% of them are located in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Among them, the proportion of special theme science museums was the greatest (37.9%). The facilities supporting out-of-school science activities usually do not target the specific age groups but are intended for all people. The proportion of governmental facilities exceeds that of private ones. 41.8% of the facilities examined in this study run their own science activity programs. Among the 10 categories of the programs, 'science class' type programs were the most common. There were more programs for elementary and middle school students than preschoolers, high school students and adults. The contents of the programs were more related to astronomy and meteorology, the observation of living things and field trips. Despite their high practical potential, the special theme science museums were found to be lacking in relevant programs, which could fulfill their values for informal science education.

• 정보교육학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 2015 개정 실과교과서의 로봇 교육과 관련된 단원을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 모든 교과서는 도입, 전개, 정리의 공통 체제를 지니고 있었고, 모두 비슷한 흐름을 보이고 있었다. 학습목표는 모든 교과서에서 제시하고 있었으나, 인지, 기능적인 목표 이외에 정의적인 목표는 제시되지 않았다. 로봇 학습 내용은 로봇의 의미와 종류, 로봇의 구조와 센서, 로봇 만들기 활동을 제시하고 있으나 로봇 윤리, 다양한 로봇작품 제작 및 활동, 문제해결과정에서 로봇활용 등의 내용은 제시되지 않고 있다. 조립형 로봇과 적외선 센서를 공통으로 사용하고 있으며, 체험활동에 로봇제작 및 제어 실습자료 제시, 평가하기를 통한 단원 정리 등으로 구성되어 있으며, A, C, F교과서에서는 단원보조자료 등도 제시하고 있다. 추후 로봇 한계 인지, 올바른 사용 원칙, 안전교육, 개인정보 및 사생활보호 등의 설계·제조자와 사용자 중심의 로봇윤리 교육내용을 포함할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제1호
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• pp.69-108
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• 1995

Listening comprehension can be defined as a process of an integrative, positive and creative activity through which listeners get the message of speakers' production using linguistic or non-linguistic redundancy as well as linguistic or non-linguistic knowledge. Compared with reading comprehension, it has many difficulties especially for foreigners. while it can be transferred to the other skills: speaking, reading, writing. With this said, listening comprehension can be taught effectively using the following teaching strategies. First. systematic and intensive instruction of segmental phonemes, suprasegmental phonemes and sound changes must be given to remove the difficulties of listening comprehension concerned with the identification of sounds. Second, vocabulary drill through various games and other activities is absolutely needed until words can be unconsciously recognized. Without this, comprehension is almost impossible. Third, instruction of sentence structures is thought to be essential considering grammar is supplementary to listening comprehension and reading comprehension for academic purpose. So grammar translation drills, mechanical drills, meaningful drills and communicative drills should be performed in succession with common or frequently used structures. Fourth, listening activities for overall comprehension should teach how to receive overall meaning of intended messages intact. Linguists and literatures have listed some specific activities as follows: Total Physical Response, dictation, role playing, singing songs, selective listening, picture recognition, list activities, completion, prediction, true or false choice, multiple choice, seeking of specific information, summarizing, problem-solving and decision-making, recognization of relationships between speakers, recognition of mood, attitude and behavior of speakers.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.417-429
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• 1996

Herpes simplex viruses(HSV) are one of the most common infectious virus of man. Though chemotherapies and antibiotics against HSV have been developed in many countries, but anti-HSV agents were not satisfactory to mankind by their toxic reaction and side effects. In order to search for anti-HSV agents from Korean traditional prescriptions, we extended the number of specimens. Both methanol extract and boilling water extract of the Korean traditional prescriptions were screened to detect anti-HSV activities by MTT assay. Korean traditional prescriptions showing anti-HSV activities as methanl extracts were Paekyopsan, Chesupwilyungtang, Yongdamsagantang, and prescription 11. Four methanol extracts showing anti-HSV activities were freationated by hexane and their efficacies were tested. Hexane freationations of Paekyopsan, Chesupwilyungtang, and prescription 11 showed in anti-HSV activities both haxane and methanol fractionation.